Transport of bile salts and organic acids, metal ions and amine compounds (Homo sapiens)

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68, 70, 108, 1536514, 16, 57, 74, 86...1, 12, 4513, 33, 52, 94, 101...104, 10766, 8523, 12653, 73, 1123, 12810317, 25, 28, 48, 78...1559, 79, 106, 11614922, 3566, 8589131, 1442975, 13018, 61, 81133404082, 12743, 1341294912291, 99, 1076724, 643742, 44, 80, 139, 14530, 714077, 15258, 85, 93100272637, 47, 50, 8820, 1464, 5434, 113124, 151131, 14410, 15046, 13596, 989740, 921386, 11, 313238, 8740, 9210256, 1431181361095, 36, 11926, 46, 110, 111, 1259, 19, 27, 83, 114...43, 13441398, 55, 76121117, 14733, 52, 62, 9021, 51, 60, 84, 95...GLUT2 tetramer secretory granuleclathrin-sculpted monoamine transport vesicle lumenGolgi lumenlate endosome lumenendoplasmic reticulum lumenendosome lumenMTP1HEPH6Cu2+ MTP1CP6Cu2+ cytosolsynaptic vesicleligands of SLC6A14Biogenic amines transported by VMAT1/2OCT2Na+MATE1/2SLC6A2ChoVMAT1/2Na+SO4Fe2+SLC11A1SLC40A1 Urea transportersOCT1Mg2+SLC13A3SLC2A2 Na+SLC13A5SUCCACITCl-SLC30A6SLC2A9SLC5A1H+Na+NH4+MTP1CP6Cu2+SLC22A3hexoses transported by GLUT7/11NH4+SLC30A2Na+GlcNa+LACTSLC2A5SLC39A7NH4+Na+Zn2+CARZn2+Carnitine transportersDANAdSLC30A5SLC5A7UreaNa+CTL1-5Na+UreaSLC6A6Sodium dependent Serotonin transporterNa+MATE substratesSLC30A3Na+ligands of SLC6A19SLC10A6Na+compounds transported by GLUT9RHBGSLC6A18Inositols transported by SMIT2MCT substratesligands of SLC6A6Fe3+SLC5A11OCT2 substratesUrateNa+compounds transported by GLUT9SLC13A4Gal, GlcCu2+SLC13A1InsCl-NH4+SLC31A1Na+Na+OCT1 substratesH+H+Na+Cl-Na+SLC39A8Na+Zn2+2OGNa+Na+Glyhexoses transported by SGLT4ChoFruNa+MTP1HEPH6Cu2+SLC6A12Zn2+SLC22A1SLC6A19ligands of SLC6A12 Cl-Biogenic amines transported by VMAT1/2H+L-ProSLC22A4FruOAT1-3 substratesOAT1-3 substratesNa+SLC22A18SLC6A20taurolithocholate sulfateSLC6A14GABAChoSLC5A2Cl-Cl-Na+H+GlcSLC2A13InsGlcDAMg2+OAT2/4 sulfate conjugate substrates2OGERGTH+HEPH SLC6A7InsSLC22A12Monocarboxylate transportersOCT1 substratesligands of SLC6A19Inositols transported by SMIT2NAdCITNH4+Na+Cl-Na+GABACl-Na+ligands of SLC6A14H+GLUT2 tetramerSLC39A5H+Gal, GlcRHCGNa+Fe2+H+Na+H+Na+Zn2+Fru, Gal, GlcZn2+GLUT6/8/10/12SLC22A2Na+SLC13A2GlySLC5A9SLC30A1Zn2+MATE substratesNa+hexoses transported by GLUT7/11Cl-Na+Fe3+NH4+Na+ORCTL2 substratesSLC6A15Na+Zn2+SLC6A GABA transportersZIP6/ZIP14OCT3 substratesERGTNa+Cl-hZIP1-4Na+5HTMagT1/2Dicarboxylates transported by NaDC1Cu2+ Cl-Class I GLUTsSLC39A10SLC6A3SO4Divalent metals transported by NRAMP1hexoses transported by SGLT4Na+ligands of SLC6A15H+Cl-OCT2 substratesGLUT7/115HTUrateligands of SLC6A6GlcNa+Na+Cu2+ ligands of SLC6A12 SLC11A2RHAGtaurolithocholate sulfateMCT substratesSLC5A3L-ProH+H+Na+SUCCAH+OCT3 substratesNa+SLC30A8SLC22A2OAT2/4 sulfate conjugate substratesCP OAT1-3OAT2/4SLC40A1 GLYTH+Cu2+LACTNa+Zn2+Divalent metals transported by NRAMP1ChoORCTL2 substratesDicarboxylates transported by NaDC1InsNa+Fru, Gal, GlcNa+ligands of SLC6A15SLC30A7CAR14169


Description

Hexoses like glucose, galactose and fructose serve as basic fuel molecules for eukaryotic cells. Indeed, glucose is the main energy source for mammalian cells. These sugars are unable to diffuse across cellular membranes, and require transporter proteins for entry into and exit out of cells. Four gene families encode hexose transporter proteins (He et al, 2009). SLC2 family contains 14 genes and encode facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs) (Uldry M and Thorens B, 2004). SLC5 family contains 12 genes and encode Na+/glucose symporters (Wright EM and Turk E, 2004). SLC37 family contains 4 members and encode sugar-phosphate/phosphate exchangers (Bartoloni L and Antonarakis SE, 2004). SLC45 family has 4 members and encode putative sugar/H+ symporters. Original Pathway at Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#DB=gk_current&FOCUS_SPECIES_ID=48887&FOCUS_PATHWAY_ID=425366

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  103. Chimienti F, Devergnas S, Pattou F, Schuit F, Garcia-Cuenca R, Vandewalle B, Kerr-Conte J, Van Lommel L, Grunwald D, Favier A, Seve M.; ''In vivo expression and functional characterization of the zinc transporter ZnT8 in glucose-induced insulin secretion.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  104. Morris ME, Felmlee MA.; ''Overview of the proton-coupled MCT (SLC16A) family of transporters: characterization, function and role in the transport of the drug of abuse gamma-hydroxybutyric acid.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  105. Sun W, Wu RR, van Poelje PD, Erion MD.; ''Isolation of a family of organic anion transporters from human liver and kidney.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  106. Olivès B, Martial S, Mattei MG, Matassi G, Rousselet G, Ripoche P, Cartron JP, Bailly P.; ''Molecular characterization of a new urea transporter in the human kidney.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  107. Desouki MM, Geradts J, Milon B, Franklin RB, Costello LC.; ''hZip2 and hZip3 zinc transporters are down regulated in human prostate adenocarcinomatous glands.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  108. Koepsell H, Endou H.; ''The SLC22 drug transporter family.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  109. Yamada R, Tokuhiro S, Chang X, Yamamoto K.; ''SLC22A4 and RUNX1: identification of RA susceptible genes.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  110. Wakida N, Tuyen DG, Adachi M, Miyoshi T, Nonoguchi H, Oka T, Ueda O, Tazawa M, Kurihara S, Yoneta Y, Shimada H, Oda T, Kikuchi Y, Matsuo H, Hosoyamada M, Endou H, Otagiri M, Tomita K, Kitamura K.; ''Mutations in human urate transporter 1 gene in presecretory reabsorption defect type of familial renal hypouricemia.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  111. Lin X, Ma L, Fitzgerald RL, Ostlund RE.; ''Human sodium/inositol cotransporter 2 (SMIT2) transports inositols but not glucose in L6 cells.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  112. Pajor AM.; ''Molecular cloning and functional expression of a sodium-dicarboxylate cotransporter from human kidney.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  113. Tanihara Y, Masuda S, Sato T, Katsura T, Ogawa O, Inui K.; ''Substrate specificity of MATE1 and MATE2-K, human multidrug and toxin extrusions/H(+)-organic cation antiporters.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  114. Gründemann D, Schechinger B, Rappold GA, Schömig E.; ''Molecular identification of the corticosterone-sensitive extraneuronal catecholamine transporter.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  115. Küry S, Dréno B, Bézieau S, Giraudet S, Kharfi M, Kamoun R, Moisan JP.; ''Identification of SLC39A4, a gene involved in acrodermatitis enteropathica.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  116. Reid G, Wolff NA, Dautzenberg FM, Burckhardt G.; ''Cloning of a human renal p-aminohippurate transporter, hROAT1.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  117. Wang F, Kim BE, Petris MJ, Eide DJ.; ''The mammalian Zip5 protein is a zinc transporter that localizes to the basolateral surface of polarized cells.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  118. Besecker B, Bao S, Bohacova B, Papp A, Sadee W, Knoell DL.; ''The human zinc transporter SLC39A8 (Zip8) is critical in zinc-mediated cytoprotection in lung epithelia.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  119. Gaither LA, Eide DJ.; ''The human ZIP1 transporter mediates zinc uptake in human K562 erythroleukemia cells.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  120. Veyhl M, Keller T, Gorboulev V, Vernaleken A, Koepsell H.; ''RS1 (RSC1A1) regulates the exocytotic pathway of Na+-D-glucose cotransporter SGLT1.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  121. He L, Wang B, Hay EB, Nebert DW.; ''Discovery of ZIP transporters that participate in cadmium damage to testis and kidney.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  122. Goytain A, Quamme GA.; ''Identification and characterization of a novel mammalian Mg2+ transporter with channel-like properties.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  123. Peltekova VD, Wintle RF, Rubin LA, Amos CI, Huang Q, Gu X, Newman B, Van Oene M, Cescon D, Greenberg G, Griffiths AM, St George-Hyslop PH, Siminovitch KA.; ''Functional variants of OCTN cation transporter genes are associated with Crohn disease.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  124. Lioumi M, Ferguson CA, Sharpe PT, Freeman T, Marenholz I, Mischke D, Heizmann C, Ragoussis J.; ''Isolation and characterization of human and mouse ZIRTL, a member of the IRT1 family of transporters, mapping within the epidermal differentiation complex.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  125. Matskevitch I, Wagner CA, Stegen C, Bröer S, Noll B, Risler T, Kwon HM, Handler JS, Waldegger S, Busch AE, Lang F.; ''Functional characterization of the Betaine/gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter BGT-1 expressed in Xenopus oocytes.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  126. Lee J, Peña MM, Nose Y, Thiele DJ.; ''Biochemical characterization of the human copper transporter Ctr1.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  127. Shannon JR, Flattem NL, Jordan J, Jacob G, Black BK, Biaggioni I, Blakely RD, Robertson D.; ''Orthostatic intolerance and tachycardia associated with norepinephrine-transporter deficiency.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  128. Hosoyamada M, Sekine T, Kanai Y, Endou H.; ''Molecular cloning and functional expression of a multispecific organic anion transporter from human kidney.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  129. Olives B, Neau P, Bailly P, Hediger MA, Rousselet G, Cartron JP, Ripoche P.; ''Cloning and functional expression of a urea transporter from human bone marrow cells.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  130. Han O, Kim EY.; ''Colocalization of ferroportin-1 with hephaestin on the basolateral membrane of human intestinal absorptive cells.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  131. Li M, Zhang Y, Bharadwaj U, Zhai QJ, Ahern CH, Fisher WE, Brunicardi FC, Logsdon CD, Chen C, Yao Q.; ''Down-regulation of ZIP4 by RNA interference inhibits pancreatic cancer growth and increases the survival of nude mice with pancreatic cancer xenografts.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  132. Kishi F.; ''Isolation and characterization of human Nramp cDNA.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  133. Kobayashi Y, Ohshiro N, Sakai R, Ohbayashi M, Kohyama N, Yamamoto T.; ''Transport mechanism and substrate specificity of human organic anion transporter 2 (hOat2 [SLC22A7]).''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  134. Tamai I, Ohashi R, Nezu J, Yabuuchi H, Oku A, Shimane M, Sai Y, Tsuji A.; ''Molecular and functional identification of sodium ion-dependent, high affinity human carnitine transporter OCTN2.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  135. Liu Z, Peng J, Mo R, Hui C, Huang CH.; ''Rh type B glycoprotein is a new member of the Rh superfamily and a putative ammonia transporter in mammals.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia

History

View all...
CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
114951view16:47, 25 January 2021ReactomeTeamReactome version 75
113395view11:47, 2 November 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 74
112600view15:57, 9 October 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 73
101754view12:49, 5 November 2018EgonwCHEBI:29036 is the identifier for Cu2+
101516view11:38, 1 November 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 66
101052view21:20, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 65
100583view19:53, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 64
100132view16:39, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 63
99682view15:08, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62 (2nd attempt)
99274view12:45, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62
94493view08:58, 14 September 2017MkutmonReactome release 61
86602view09:22, 11 July 2016ReactomeTeamreactome version 56
83132view10:06, 18 November 2015ReactomeTeamVersion54
81475view13:00, 21 August 2015ReactomeTeamVersion53
76949view08:22, 17 July 2014ReactomeTeamFixed remaining interactions
76654view12:02, 16 July 2014ReactomeTeamFixed remaining interactions
75983view10:04, 11 June 2014ReactomeTeamRe-fixing comment source
75686view11:01, 10 June 2014ReactomeTeamReactome 48 Update
75042view13:55, 8 May 2014AnweshaFixing comment source for displaying WikiPathways description
74686view08:45, 30 April 2014ReactomeTeamReactome46
45063view20:02, 6 October 2011KhanspersOntology Term : 'metal ion transport pathway' added !
45062view20:01, 6 October 2011KhanspersOntology Term : 'sugar transport pathway' added !
42150view22:00, 4 March 2011MaintBotAutomatic update
39961view05:58, 21 January 2011MaintBotNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

View all...
NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
2OGMetaboliteCHEBI:30915 (ChEBI)
5HTMetaboliteCHEBI:28790 (ChEBI)
Biogenic amines transported by VMAT1/2MetaboliteREACT_20722 (Reactome)
Biogenic amines transported by VMAT1/2MetaboliteREACT_21050 (Reactome)
CARMetaboliteCHEBI:17126 (ChEBI)
CITMetaboliteCHEBI:30769 (ChEBI)
CP ProteinP00450 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CTL1-5REACT_20955 (Reactome)
Carnitine transportersREACT_22929 (Reactome)
ChoMetaboliteCHEBI:15354 (ChEBI)
Cl-MetaboliteCHEBI:17996 (ChEBI)
Class I GLUTsREACT_20111 (Reactome)
Cu2+ MetaboliteCHEBI:28694 (ChEBI)
Cu2+ MetaboliteCHEBI:29036 (ChEBI)
Cu2+MetaboliteCHEBI:29036 (ChEBI)
DAMetaboliteCHEBI:18243 (ChEBI)
Dicarboxylates transported by NaDC1MetaboliteREACT_20685 (Reactome)
Dicarboxylates transported by NaDC1MetaboliteREACT_21161 (Reactome)
Divalent metals transported by NRAMP1MetaboliteREACT_20962 (Reactome)
Divalent metals transported by NRAMP1MetaboliteREACT_21144 (Reactome)
ERGTMetaboliteCHEBI:4828 (ChEBI)
Fe2+MetaboliteCHEBI:18248 (ChEBI)
Fe3+MetaboliteCHEBI:29034 (ChEBI)
Fru, Gal, GlcMetaboliteREACT_9596 (Reactome)
Fru, Gal, GlcMetaboliteREACT_9838 (Reactome)
FruMetaboliteCHEBI:15824 (ChEBI)
GABAMetaboliteCHEBI:16865 (ChEBI)
GLUT2 tetramerComplexREACT_8747 (Reactome)
GLUT6/8/10/12REACT_20110 (Reactome)
GLUT7/11REACT_19472 (Reactome)
GLYTREACT_21204 (Reactome)
Gal, GlcMetaboliteREACT_9575 (Reactome)
Gal, GlcMetaboliteREACT_9887 (Reactome)
GlcMetaboliteCHEBI:17925 (ChEBI)
GlyMetaboliteCHEBI:15428 (ChEBI)
H+MetaboliteCHEBI:15378 (ChEBI)
HEPH ProteinQ9BQS7 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Inositols transported by SMIT2MetaboliteREACT_19525 (Reactome)
Inositols transported by SMIT2MetaboliteREACT_19739 (Reactome)
InsMetaboliteCHEBI:17268 (ChEBI)
L-ProMetaboliteCHEBI:17203 (ChEBI)
LACTMetaboliteCHEBI:422 (ChEBI)
MATE substratesMetaboliteREACT_20849 (Reactome)
MATE substratesMetaboliteREACT_21070 (Reactome)
MATE1/2REACT_20810 (Reactome)
MCT substratesMetaboliteREACT_20996 (Reactome)
MCT substratesMetaboliteREACT_21125 (Reactome)
MTP1

CP

6Cu2+		ComplexREACT_24142 (Reactome)
MTP1

HEPH

6Cu2+		ComplexREACT_24553 (Reactome)
MagT1/2REACT_20757 (Reactome)
Mg2+MetaboliteCHEBI:18420 (ChEBI)
Monocarboxylate transportersREACT_21092 (Reactome)
NAdMetaboliteCHEBI:18357 (ChEBI)
NH4+MetaboliteCHEBI:28938 (ChEBI)
Na+MetaboliteCHEBI:29101 (ChEBI)
OAT1-3 substratesMetaboliteREACT_22453 (Reactome)
OAT1-3 substratesMetaboliteREACT_23252 (Reactome)
OAT1-3REACT_22994 (Reactome)
OAT2/4 sulfate conjugate substratesMetaboliteREACT_22525 (Reactome)
OAT2/4 sulfate conjugate substratesMetaboliteREACT_23389 (Reactome)
OAT2/4REACT_23320 (Reactome)
OCT1 substratesMetaboliteREACT_22807 (Reactome)
OCT1 substratesMetaboliteREACT_23354 (Reactome)
OCT1ProteinREACT_161195 (Reactome) This CandidateSet contains sequences identified by William Pearson's analysis of Reactome catalyst entities. Catalyst entity sequences were used to identify analagous sequences that shared overall homology and active site homology. Sequences in this Candidate set were identified in an April 24, 2012 analysis.
OCT2 substratesMetaboliteREACT_22491 (Reactome)
OCT2 substratesMetaboliteREACT_23290 (Reactome)
OCT2ProteinREACT_160574 (Reactome) This CandidateSet contains sequences identified by William Pearson's analysis of Reactome catalyst entities. Catalyst entity sequences were used to identify analagous sequences that shared overall homology and active site homology. Sequences in this Candidate set were identified in an April 24, 2012 analysis.
OCT3 substratesMetaboliteREACT_22507 (Reactome)
OCT3 substratesMetaboliteREACT_22750 (Reactome)
ORCTL2 substratesMetaboliteREACT_22882 (Reactome)
ORCTL2 substratesMetaboliteREACT_23364 (Reactome)
RHAGProteinQ02094 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RHBGProteinQ9H310 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RHCGProteinQ9UBD6 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC10A6ProteinQ3KNW5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC11A1ProteinP49279 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC11A2ProteinP49281 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC13A1ProteinQ9BZW2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC13A2ProteinQ13183 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC13A3ProteinQ8WWT9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC13A4ProteinQ9UKG4 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC13A5ProteinQ86YT5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC22A12ProteinQ96S37 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC22A18ProteinQ96BI1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC22A1ProteinO15245 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC22A2ProteinO15244 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC22A3ProteinO75751 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC22A4ProteinQ9H015 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC2A13ProteinQ96QE2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC2A2 ProteinP11168 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC2A5ProteinP22732 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC2A9ProteinQ9NRM0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC30A1ProteinQ9Y6M5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC30A2ProteinQ9BRI3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC30A3ProteinQ99726 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC30A5ProteinQ8TAD4 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC30A6ProteinQ6NXT4 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC30A7ProteinQ8NEW0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC30A8ProteinQ8IWU4 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC31A1ProteinO15431 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC39A10ProteinQ9ULF5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC39A5ProteinQ6ZMH5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC39A7ProteinQ92504 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC39A8ProteinQ9C0K1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC40A1 ProteinQ9NP59 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC5A11ProteinQ8WWX8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC5A1ProteinP13866 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC5A2ProteinP31639 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC5A3ProteinP53794 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC5A7ProteinQ9GZV3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC5A9ProteinQ2M3M2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC6A GABA transportersREACT_20690 (Reactome)
SLC6A12ProteinP48065 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC6A14ProteinQ9UN76 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC6A15ProteinQ9H2J7 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC6A18ProteinQ96N87 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC6A19ProteinQ695T7 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC6A20ProteinQ9NP91 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC6A2ProteinP23975 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC6A3ProteinQ01959 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC6A6ProteinP31641 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC6A7ProteinQ99884 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SO4MetaboliteCHEBI:16189 (ChEBI)
SUCCAMetaboliteCHEBI:15741 (ChEBI)
Sodium dependent Serotonin transporterREACT_15766 (Reactome)
UrateMetaboliteCHEBI:17775 (ChEBI)
Urea transportersREACT_20946 (Reactome)
UreaMetaboliteCHEBI:16199 (ChEBI)
VMAT1/2REACT_21239 (Reactome)
ZIP6/ZIP14REACT_21222 (Reactome)
Zn2+MetaboliteCHEBI:29105 (ChEBI)
compounds transported by GLUT9MetaboliteREACT_19454 (Reactome)
compounds transported by GLUT9MetaboliteREACT_19915 (Reactome)
hZIP1-4REACT_20986 (Reactome)
hexoses transported by GLUT7/11MetaboliteREACT_19505 (Reactome)
hexoses transported by GLUT7/11MetaboliteREACT_20174 (Reactome)
hexoses transported by SGLT4MetaboliteREACT_19903 (Reactome)
hexoses transported by SGLT4MetaboliteREACT_19933 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A12 MetaboliteREACT_14225 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A12 MetaboliteREACT_14644 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A14MetaboliteREACT_15161 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A14MetaboliteREACT_15206 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A15MetaboliteREACT_13883 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A15MetaboliteREACT_14097 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A19MetaboliteREACT_15160 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A19MetaboliteREACT_15227 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A6MetaboliteREACT_14486 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A6MetaboliteREACT_14671 (Reactome)
taurolithocholate sulfateMetaboliteCHEBI:17864 (ChEBI)

Annotated Interactions

View all...
SourceTargetTypeDatabase referenceComment
2OGArrowREACT_22250 (Reactome)
2OGArrowREACT_22294 (Reactome)
2OGREACT_22250 (Reactome)
2OGREACT_22294 (Reactome)
5HTArrowREACT_15458 (Reactome)
5HTREACT_15458 (Reactome)
CARArrowREACT_22187 (Reactome)
CARREACT_22187 (Reactome)
CITArrowREACT_20529 (Reactome)
CITREACT_20529 (Reactome)
CTL1-5mim-catalysisREACT_20598 (Reactome)
Carnitine transportersmim-catalysisREACT_22187 (Reactome)
ChoArrowREACT_20595 (Reactome)
ChoREACT_20595 (Reactome)
Cl-ArrowREACT_13561 (Reactome)
Cl-ArrowREACT_13704 (Reactome)
Cl-ArrowREACT_14802 (Reactome)
Cl-ArrowREACT_20557 (Reactome)
Cl-ArrowREACT_20595 (Reactome)
Cl-ArrowREACT_20620 (Reactome)
Cl-ArrowREACT_20659 (Reactome)
Cl-REACT_13561 (Reactome)
Cl-REACT_13704 (Reactome)
Cl-REACT_14802 (Reactome)
Cl-REACT_20557 (Reactome)
Cl-REACT_20595 (Reactome)
Cl-REACT_20620 (Reactome)
Cl-REACT_20659 (Reactome)
Class I GLUTsmim-catalysisREACT_19335 (Reactome)
DAArrowREACT_15468 (Reactome)
DAREACT_15468 (Reactome)
Dicarboxylates transported by NaDC1ArrowREACT_20534 (Reactome)
Dicarboxylates transported by NaDC1REACT_20534 (Reactome)
Divalent metals transported by NRAMP1ArrowREACT_20522 (Reactome)
Divalent metals transported by NRAMP1REACT_20522 (Reactome)
ERGTArrowREACT_22304 (Reactome)
ERGTREACT_22304 (Reactome)
Fe2+ArrowREACT_20526 (Reactome)
Fe2+REACT_20526 (Reactome)
GABAArrowREACT_20659 (Reactome)
GABAREACT_20659 (Reactome)
GLUT2 tetramermim-catalysisREACT_9458 (Reactome)
GLUT6/8/10/12mim-catalysisREACT_19350 (Reactome)
GLUT7/11mim-catalysisREACT_19138 (Reactome)
GLYTmim-catalysisREACT_20620 (Reactome)
Gal, GlcArrowREACT_9525 (Reactome)
Gal, GlcREACT_9525 (Reactome)
GlcArrowREACT_19399 (Reactome)
GlcREACT_19399 (Reactome)
GlyArrowREACT_20620 (Reactome)
GlyREACT_20620 (Reactome)
H+ArrowREACT_19215 (Reactome)
H+ArrowREACT_20505 (Reactome)
H+ArrowREACT_20522 (Reactome)
H+ArrowREACT_20526 (Reactome)
H+ArrowREACT_20553 (Reactome)
H+ArrowREACT_20571 (Reactome)
H+ArrowREACT_20650 (Reactome)
H+ArrowREACT_20654 (Reactome)
H+ArrowREACT_20677 (Reactome)
H+ArrowREACT_22432 (Reactome)
H+REACT_19215 (Reactome)
H+REACT_20505 (Reactome)
H+REACT_20522 (Reactome)
H+REACT_20526 (Reactome)
H+REACT_20553 (Reactome)
H+REACT_20571 (Reactome)
H+REACT_20650 (Reactome)
H+REACT_20654 (Reactome)
H+REACT_20677 (Reactome)
H+REACT_22432 (Reactome)
Inositols transported by SMIT2ArrowREACT_19299 (Reactome)
Inositols transported by SMIT2REACT_19299 (Reactome)
InsArrowREACT_19215 (Reactome)
InsArrowREACT_19415 (Reactome)
InsREACT_19215 (Reactome)
InsREACT_19415 (Reactome)
L-ProArrowREACT_13591 (Reactome)
L-ProArrowREACT_20557 (Reactome)
L-ProREACT_13591 (Reactome)
L-ProREACT_20557 (Reactome)
LACTArrowREACT_22238 (Reactome)
LACTREACT_22238 (Reactome)
MATE substratesArrowREACT_20650 (Reactome)
MATE substratesREACT_20650 (Reactome)
MATE1/2mim-catalysisREACT_20650 (Reactome)
MCT substratesArrowREACT_20553 (Reactome)
MCT substratesREACT_20553 (Reactome)
MTP1

CP

6Cu2+		mim-catalysisREACT_23996 (Reactome)
MTP1

HEPH

6Cu2+		mim-catalysisREACT_20531 (Reactome)
MagT1/2mim-catalysisREACT_20680 (Reactome)
Monocarboxylate transportersmim-catalysisREACT_20553 (Reactome)
NAdArrowREACT_20592 (Reactome)
NAdREACT_20592 (Reactome)
NH4+ArrowREACT_20505 (Reactome)
NH4+ArrowREACT_20571 (Reactome)
NH4+ArrowREACT_20654 (Reactome)
NH4+ArrowREACT_20677 (Reactome)
NH4+REACT_20505 (Reactome)
NH4+REACT_20571 (Reactome)
NH4+REACT_20654 (Reactome)
NH4+REACT_20677 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_13561 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_13591 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_13593 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_13704 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_14802 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_14843 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_15458 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_15468 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_19292 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_19299 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_19399 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_19415 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_20504 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_20529 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_20534 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_20550 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_20557 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_20592 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_20595 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_20618 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_20620 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_20626 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_20659 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_22187 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_22304 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_9525 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_13561 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_13591 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_13593 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_13704 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_14802 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_14843 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_15458 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_15468 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_19292 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_19299 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_19399 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_19415 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_20504 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_20529 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_20534 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_20550 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_20557 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_20592 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_20595 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_20618 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_20620 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_20626 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_20659 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_22187 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_22304 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_9525 (Reactome)
OAT1-3 substratesArrowREACT_22250 (Reactome)
OAT1-3 substratesREACT_22250 (Reactome)
OAT1-3mim-catalysisREACT_22250 (Reactome)
OAT2/4 sulfate conjugate substratesArrowREACT_22294 (Reactome)
OAT2/4 sulfate conjugate substratesREACT_22294 (Reactome)
OAT2/4mim-catalysisREACT_22294 (Reactome)
OCT1mim-catalysisREACT_22221 (Reactome)
OCT1mim-catalysisREACT_22348 (Reactome)
OCT2mim-catalysisREACT_15472 (Reactome)
OCT2mim-catalysisREACT_22283 (Reactome)
OCT2mim-catalysisREACT_22327 (Reactome)
ORCTL2 substratesArrowREACT_22432 (Reactome)
ORCTL2 substratesREACT_22432 (Reactome)
REACT_13561 (Reactome) The plasma membrane transport protein SLC6A12 (BGT-1) mediates the uptake of GABA (gamma-aminobutyrate) and betaine and, less efficiently, of diminobutyrate (DABA) and beta-alanine. Together with each amino acid molecule, 3 sodium ions and 2 chloride ions are taken up. In the body, SLC6A12 is expressed in the proximal tubules of the kidney and cells of the central nervous system (Rasola et al. 1995; Matskevitch et al. 1999).
REACT_13591 (Reactome) SLC6A20, associated with the plasma membrane, mediates the uptake of proline plus a sodium ion. The human protein is expressed in the intestine and kidney (Takanaga et al. 2005).
REACT_13593 (Reactome) SLC6A15, associated with the plasma membrane, mediates the uptake of a broad range of amino acids plus a sodium ion, transporting branched-chain amiono acids and methionine most efficiently. The human protein is expressed in the brain (Takanaga et al. 2005).
REACT_13677 (Reactome) The protein SLC6A18 was first identified as an amino acid transporter based on sequence similarity to other members of the SLC6 protein family (Hoglund et al. 2005). It is annotated here as mediating glycine uptake based on the phenotype of mice homozygous for a null mutation in the homologous gene (Quan et al. 2004).
REACT_13704 (Reactome) The plasma membrane transport protein SLC6A6 mediates the uptake of taurine and beta-alanine. Together with each amino acid molecule, 2 sodium ions and 1 chloride ion are taken up. SLC6A6 is widely expressed in the body (Ramamoorthy et al. 1994).
REACT_14802 (Reactome) SLC6A14, associated with the plasma membrane, mediates the uptake of multiple basic and nonpolar amino acids as well as beta-alanine. Uptake of one amino acid molecule is accompanied by uptake of two sodium ions and a chloride ion. As assessed by Northern blotting, SLC6A14 is expressed at high levels in lung but only at low levels, if at all, in intestine or kidney (Sloan and Mager 1999; Anderson et al. 2008).
REACT_14843 (Reactome) SLC6A19, associated with the plasma membrane, mediates the uptake of neutral amino acids. Uptake of an amino acid molecule is accompanied by uptake of a sodium ion. The protein is abundant in cells in the small intestine and kidney. Its deficiency is associated with Hartnup disorder, the failure to take up neutral amino acids efficiently from the gut lumen and to reabsorb them in the proximal kidney tubule (Kleta et al. 2004; Seow et al, 2004).
REACT_15458 (Reactome) The human gene SLC6A4 encodes the sodium-dependent serotonin transporter 5HTT which mediates the re-uptake of serotonin from the synaptic cleft thus terminating the action of serotonin (Canli T and Lesch KP, 2007). The serotonin taken up in the cytosol from the synaptic cleft may be recycled into synaptic vesicles or metabolized.
REACT_15468 (Reactome) The human gene SLC6A3 encodes the sodium-dependent dopamine transporter, DAT which mediates the re-uptake of dopamine from the synaptic cleft (Vandenbergh DJ et al, 2000). Dopamine can then be degraded by either COMT or monoamine oxidase.
REACT_15472 (Reactome) Noradrenaline is cleared from the synaptic cleft by Noaradrenaline uptake transporter. This reaction is carried out by neurons as well as astrocytes.
REACT_19138 (Reactome) SLC2A7 encodes GLUT7, a class II facilitative glucose transporter which was cloned from a human intestinal cDNA library (Li Q et al, 2004). It has a high affinity for glucose and fructose uptake. GLUT7 is found predominantly in the small intestine, colon, testis and prostate.

SLC2A11 encodes GLUT11 (Doege H et al, 2001), another member of the class II facilitative glucose transporters. It has the highest similarity with GLUT5 and in humans, three isoforms are expressed (GLUT11A-C) (Sasaki T et al, 2001). Human GLUT11 has been shown to transport glucose and fructose but not galactose when expressed in Xenopus oocytes ( Scheepers A et al, 2005).
REACT_19215 (Reactome) SLC2A13 encodes a H+/myo-inositol co-transporter, HMIT (Uldry M et al, 2001) which is abundantly expressed in the brain. A proton is co-transported with myo-inositol uptake into cells. No glucose transport function has been detected to date.
REACT_19288 (Reactome) The human SLC2A9 gene encodes two isoforms of class II facilitative glucose transporter 9; GLUT9 (Phay JE et al, 2000) and GLUT9DeltaN (Augustin R et al, 2004). GLUT9 is expressed mainly in kidney (proximal tubules of epithelial cells) and liver while GLUT9DeltaN is expressed mainly in kidney and placenta. As well as mediating the uptake of fructose and glucose (at a low rate), GLUT9 can also mediate the tranpsort of urate (uric acid), the end product of purine metabolism in humans and great apes (Vitart V et al, 2008). Mutations in SLC2A9 influence serum urate concentrations with excess serum accumulation of urate leading to the development of gout (Vitart V et al, 2008).
REACT_19292 (Reactome) The human gene SLC5A9 encodes a low affinity transporter for glucose and mannose (SGLT4). Of the tissues tested, SGLT4 appears to be highly expressed in the kidney and intestine, with lower levels detected in the liver. Human SGLT4 expressed in african green monkey cells exhibited glucose and mannose co-transport with Na+ ions (Tazawa S et al, 2005).
REACT_19299 (Reactome) The human SLC5A11 gene encodes a high affinity myo-inositol transporter (SMIT2, SGLT6) (Ostlund RE et al, 1996; Roll P et al, 2002). It can transport myo-inositol and D-chiro-inositol, together with two Na+ ions. It was thought SGLT6 could transport glucose but there is no evidence for this so far (Lin X et al, 2009).
REACT_19335 (Reactome) The class I facilitative glucose transporters contain GLUT1-4. As well as glucose, these proteins can transport other hexoses such as fructose, galactose and glucosamine. GLUT1 was cloned from a HepG2 cell line (Mueckler M et al, 1985). GLUT1 is expressed by SLC2A1 mainly in brain and erythrocytes but is also expressed at lower levels in many other tissues containing endothelial and epithelial barriers. Defects in SLC2A1 are the cause of autosomal dominant GLUT1 deficiency syndrome which results in impaired glucose transport across the brain tissue barrier and is characterized by infantile seizures, delayed development and acquired microcephaly (Klepper J et al, 1999).

GLUT2 is expressed by SLC2A2 and is a low affinity glucose transporter (Fukumoto H et al, 1988). It is expressed mainly in the kidney, liver and pancreatic beta-cells. In beta-cells, it functions as a glucose-sensor for insulin secretion and in the liver, it allows for bi-directional glucose transport. In this reaction, it is shown to mediate the influx of glucose. In the next reaction, it is shown to be mediating efflux of glucose. Defects in SLC2A2 are the cause of Fanconi-Bickel syndrome (FBS). It is characterized by hepatorenal glycogen accumulation, proximal renal tubular dysfunction, and impaired utilization of glucose and galactose (Burwinkel B et al, 1999).

SLC2A3 encodes GLUT3 which is mainly expressed in the brain but also in a wide range of tissues. If has a high affinity for glucose and can also transport other sugars (Kayano T et al, 1988). GLUT4, encoded by SLC2A4, is an insulin-responsive glucose transporter found in heart, skeletal muscle, brain and adipose tissue. Due to its sensitivity to insulin, it may play a role in diabetes. In a non-insulin condition, GLUT4 is localized in intracellular GLUT4-containing vesicles. On insulin stimulation, GLUT4 translocates to the plasma membrane where it can increase glucose transport 10-20-fold (Fukumoto H et al, 1989). Defects in SLC2A4 may be a cause of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) (Kusari J et al, 1991; Choi WH et al, 1991).
REACT_19350 (Reactome) Class III facilitative transporters consist of five members; GLUT6, 8, 10, 12 and HMIT (a H+/myo-inositol transporter). They possess a characteristic glycosylation site on loop 9 (found in loop 1 of classes I and II transporters).

Four class III facilitative transporters can transport glucose. SLC2A6 encodes GLUT6, expressed mainly in brain, spleen and leucocytes (Doege H et al, 2000a). In literature, this protein is incorrectly described as GLUT9. SLC2A8 encodes GLUT8 and is expressed in brain, testis and adipose tissue (Doege H et al, 2000b). SLC2A10 (located in the Type 2 diabetes-linked region of human chromosome 20q12-13.1) encodes GLUT10, a transporter with high affinity for glucose (McVie-Wylie AJ et al, 2001) . GLUT10 is highly expressed in liver and pancreas but is present in most tissues in lower levels. Defects in SLC2A10 are the cause of arterial tortuosity syndrome (ATS), an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by tortuosity and elongation of major arteries, often resulting in death at a young age (Coucke PJ et al, 2006). SLC2A12 encodes GLUT12, which is highly expressed in skeletal muscle, heart and prostate, with lower levels in brain, placenta and kidney. It was originally cloned from the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 (Rogers S et al, 2002).
REACT_19399 (Reactome) The human gene SLC5A2 encodes a sodium-dependent glucose transporter, SGLT2 (Wells RG et al, 1992). SGLT2 is expressed in many tissues but primarily in the kidney, specifically the renal proximal tubules (S1 and S2 segments).It is a low affinity, high capacity transporter of glucose across the apical membrane, with co-transport of Na+ ions in a 1:1 ratio. Unlike SGLT1, it doesn't transport galactose. SGLT2 is the main transporter of glucose in the kidney, responsible for approximately 98% of glucose reabsorption (reaminder by SGLT1). Defects in SLC5A2 are the cause of renal glucosuria (GLYS1), an autosomal recessive renal tubular disorder (Calado J et al, 2004).
REACT_19415 (Reactome) The human SLC5A3 gene encodes a Na+/myo-inositol transporter, SMIT (Berry GT et al, 1995). SMIT functions in cellular osmoregulation and is expressed in many human tissues including skeletal muscle, brain, kidney, and placenta. It transports myo-inositol together with two Na+ ions. SMIT is also thought to act as a glucose sensor that generates an intracellular glucose signal.
REACT_20502 (Reactome) The human gene SLC30A3 encodes zinc transporter ZnT3. Through experiments on the mouse homologue Znt3, it is thought this transporter is expressed mainly in brain and testis and mediated the accumulation of zinc into synaptic vesicles (Palmiter et al, 1996).
REACT_20504 (Reactome) The human gene SLC13A1 encodes a sodium/sulphate co-transporter NaS1 (Lee A et al, 2000). NaS1 is almost exclusively expressed in the kidney and mediates sulphate reabsorption there.
REACT_20505 (Reactome) The human gene RhCG encodes the Rhesus blood group family type C glycoprotein which is mainly expressed in kidney collecting duct but also found in testis. RhCG is located on the apical membrane and mediates the bi-directional transport of ammonium into and out of renal collecting duct cells in an electroneutral manner, with H+ transported the other way (Liu Z et al, 2000; Marini AM et al, 2000).
REACT_20512 (Reactome) The human gene SLC30A7 encodes the zinc transporter ZnT7. It is thought to be present in the small intestine and lung in humans (Kirschke CP and Huang L, 2003). Functional properties assigned to ZnT7 are based on studies conducted with mouse experiments.
REACT_20516 (Reactome) The human gene SLC39A8 encodes the zinc transporter ZIP8 (BIGM103, BCG-induced integral membrane protein in monocyte clone 103 protein). It is highly expressed in the pancreas and localized to the plasma membrane where it mediates the influx of zinc into the cell (Besecker B et al, 2008). The highly homologous mouse ZIP8 have been shown to play important roles in regulating zinc homeostasis and determining sensitivity to cadmium toxicity in mouse testicular endothelium and kidney tissue. It is expected the human transporter plays a similar role (He L et al, 2009). ZIP8 belongs to the LZT subfamily of ZIP transporters.
REACT_20519 (Reactome) The human gene SLC18A1 encodes the vesicular monoamine transporter 1 (VMAT1) (Erickson JD et al, 1996). VMAT1 is mainly expressed in neuroendocrine cells. The human gene SLC18A2 encodes VMAT2 (Erickson JD and Eiden LE, 1993). Both transporters can mediate the transport of biogenic amines into secretory vesicles, which can then discharge their contents into the extracellular space by exocytosis. Predominant biogenic amines these proteins can transport are serotonin, dopamine, adrenaline, noradrenaline and histamine.
REACT_20522 (Reactome) Natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins (NRAMPs) regulates macrophage activation for antimicrobial activity against intracellular pathogens. They do this by mediating metal ion transport across macrophage membranes and the subsequent use of these ions in the control of free radical formation.
The human gene SLC11A1 encodes NRAMP1 (Kishi F, 2004; Kishi F and Nobumoto M, 1995) which can utilize the protonmotive force to mediate divalent iron (Fe2+), zinc (Zn2+) and manganese (Mn2+) influx to or efflux from phagosomes.
REACT_20526 (Reactome) The primary site for absorption of dietary iron is the duodenum. Ferrous iron (Fe2+) is taken up from the gut lumen across the apical membranes of enterocytes and released into the portal vein circulation across basolateral membranes.
The human gene SLC11A2 encodes the divalent cation transporter DCT1 (NRAMP2, Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 2). NRAMP2 resides on the apical membrane of enterocytes and mediates the uptake of ferrous iron into these cells (Tandy S et al, 2000). DCT1 can also accept a broad range of transition metal ions.
REACT_20529 (Reactome) The human SLC13A5 gene encodes a sodium-coupled citrate transporter, NACT. This gene is expressed mainly in the liver, with lower levels in brain and testis. NACT has a preference for trivalent citrate (Inoue K et al, 2002).
REACT_20531 (Reactome) The primary site for absorption of dietary iron is the duodenum. Ferrous iron (Fe2+) is taken up from the gut lumen across the apical membranes of enterocytes and released into the portal vein circulation across basolateral membranes.
The human gene SLC40A1 encodes a metal transporter protein MTP1 (also called ferroportin or IREG1). This protein resides on the basolateral membrane of enterocytes and mediates ferrous iron efflux into the portal vein (Schimanski LM et al, 2005). MTP1 colocalizes with hephaestin (HEPH) which stablizes MTP1 and is necessary for the efflux reaction to occur (Han O and Kim EY, 2007; Chen H et al, 2009). As well as the dudenum, MTP1 is also highly expressed on macrophages (where it mediates iron efflux from the breakdown of haem) and the placenta (where it may mediate the transport of iron from maternal to foetal circulation). It is also expressed in muscle and spleen.
REACT_20532 (Reactome) The human gene RhAG encodes a Rhesus blood group family type A glycoprotein which is expressed specifically in erythroid cells. It is thought to mediate ammonium export from these cells (Marini AM et al, 2000; Westhoff CM et al, 2002). Defects in RHAG are the cause of regulator type Rh-null hemolytic anemia (RHN) (Rh-deficiency syndrome). RHN is a form of chronic hemolytic anemia (Hyland CA et al, 1998).
REACT_20534 (Reactome) Mammalian sodium/dicarboxylate cotransporters (transport succinate and other Krebs cycle intermediates) fall into two categories based on their substrate affinity. The human gene SLC13A2 encodes a low-affinity sodium/dicarboxlate co-transporter, NaDC1. NaDC1 is highly expressed in the brush-border membranes of kidney and intestinal cells and reabsorbs Krebs cycle intermediates, such as succinate and citrate, from the glomerular filtrate (Pajor AM, 1996).
REACT_20536 (Reactome) The human gene SLC39A10 encodes the zinc transporter hZIP10. It is thought to be involved in the invasive behaviour of breast cancer cells where depletion of hZIP10 and intracellular zinc levels inhibit the migratory effects these cells (Kagara N et al, 2007). Functional characterization of this transporter was elucidated in the rat orthologue rZip10.
REACT_20545 (Reactome) The human gene SLC30A5 encodes the zinc transporter ZnT5. This protein is widely expressed but is most abundant in pancreatic beta cells (Kambe T et al, 2002). In these cells, ZnT5 mediates the transport of zinc into secretory granules that contain insulin.
REACT_20550 (Reactome) The human gene SLC13A4 encodes a sodium/sulphate co-transporter NaS2 (Girard JP et al, 1999). NaS2 is highly expressed in placenta and testis, mainly in high endothelial venules. Kinetic experiments suggest two sodium ions co-transported for every sulphate ion (Markovich D et al, 2005).
REACT_20553 (Reactome) Four members of the SLC16A gene family encode classical monocarboxylate transporters, MCT1-4. They all function as proton-dependent transporters of monocarboxylic acids such as lactate and pyruvate and ketone bodies such as acetacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate. These processes are crucial in the regulation of energy metabolism and acid-base homeostasis.

SLC16A1 encodes MCT1, a ubiquitiously expressed protein (Garcia CK et al, 1994). Defects in SLC16A1 are the cause of symptomatic deficiency in lactate transport (SDLT), resulting in an acidic intracellular environment and muscle degeneration (Merezhinskaya N et al, 2000). Another defect in SLC16A1 causes exercise-induced hyperinsulinism (EIHI), a dominantly inherited hypoglycemic disorder characterized by inappropriate insulin secretion during anaerobic exercise or on pyruvate load (Otonkoski T et al, 2000). SLC16A7 encodes MCT2, a high affinity pyruvate transporter highly expressed in testis (Lin RY et al, 1998). SLC16A8 encodes MCT3 (Yoon H et al, 1999).

Human RPE (retinal pigment epithelial) cells express two proton-coupled monocarboxylate transporters: MCT1 in the apical membrane and MCT3 in the basolateral membrane. This suggested that the coordinated activities of these two transporters could facilitate the transepithelial transport of lactate from the retina to the choroid. (Philip NJ et al, 2003).
REACT_20557 (Reactome) The amino acid L-proline can act as a neurotransmitter. Its actions are terminated by its re-uptake from the synaptic cleft into the pre-synaptic terminal in the brain. This re-uptake is mediated by a sodium-dependent proline transporter, PROT (Shafqat S et al, 1995).
REACT_20571 (Reactome) The human gene RhBG encodes a Rhesus blood group family type B glycoprotein which is expressed mainly in the kidney but is also found in the liver. The liver and kidney are important tissues for ammonium metabolism and excretion. RhBG is located on the basolateral membrane and mediates the reversible transport of ammonium in and out of renal collecting duct cells in an electroneutral manner, with H+ transported the other way (Ludewig U, 2004; Liu Z et al, 2001).
REACT_20575 (Reactome) The human gene SLC39A7 encodes the zinc transporter ZIP7 (HKE4, Histidine-rich membrane protein Ke4). It is expressed in many tissues but especially in liver, kidney and the hormonal tissues apart from brain. Unlike the other members of the LZT subfamily, ZIP7 is localized to intracellular membranes of the ER rather than the plasma membrane and mediates zinc efflux into the cytoplasm (Taylor KM et al, 2004).
REACT_20592 (Reactome) Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) is a neurotransmitter whose action is mediated by the noradrenaline transporter NAT1. NAT1 is a monoamine transporter that transports noradrenaline from the synapse back to its vesicles for storage until later use. NAT1 is encoded by the human gene SLC6A2 and is expressed in the CNS and adrenal gland (Pacholczyk T et al, 1991). Defects in SLC6A2 results in orthostatic intolerance (OI), which is a syndrome characterized by lightheadedness, fatigue and development of symptoms during upright standing, relieved by sitting back down again (Shannon JR et al, 2000).
REACT_20595 (Reactome) The human SLC5A7 gene encodes a sodium- and chloride-dependent, high affinity choline transporter, CHT (Apparsundaram S et al, 2000). CHT transports choline from the extracellular space into neuronal cells and is dependent on Na+ and Cl- ions for transport (Okuda T and Haga T, 2000). Choline uptake is the rate-limiting step in acetylcholine synthesis.
REACT_20598 (Reactome) Choline (Cho) transports from the extracellular space through the plasma membrane via the choline transporter-like proteins (SLC44A1-5 also known as CTL1-5) to the cytosol (Okuda & Haga 2000, Traiffort et al. 2005, O'Regan et al. 2000).

CTL1 is broadly expressed on leukocytes and endothelial cells (Wille et al. 2001). CTL2 is highly expressed in human inner ear and is the target of antibody-induced hearing loss (Nair et al. 2004).
REACT_20607 (Reactome) Two human genes mediate the transport of zinc into the TGN and they are both localized to the TGN. The human gene SLC30A6 encodes the zinc transporter ZnT6. By Western blot studies, ZnT6 is only found in the brain and lung in human (Huang L et al, 2002).
REACT_20614 (Reactome) The human gene SLC30A1 encodes the zinc transporter ZnT1. It is widely expressed throughout the body and it's expression is regulated by zinc. ZnT1 is the only member of the SLC30 gene family that is located on the plasma membrane and mediates the transport of zinc out of the cell (Devergnas S et al, 2004).
REACT_20618 (Reactome) Mammalian sodium/dicarboxylate cotransporters (transport succinate and other Krebs cycle intermediates) fall into two categories based on their substrate affinity. The human gene SLC13A3 encodes a high-affinity sodium/dicarboxlate co-transporter, NaDC3. NaDC3 is expressed in the basolateral membrane of renal proximal tubular epithelial cells, sinusoidal membrane of hepatocytes, and brain synaptosomes. Kinetic studies in human retinal pigment epithelial (HRPE) cells suggest three sodium ions co-transported with every divalent succinate (Wang H et al, 2000).
REACT_20620 (Reactome) The amino acid glycine plays an important role in neurotransmission. Its action is terminated by rapid re-uptake into the pre-synaptic terminal or surrounding glial cells. This re-uptake is mediated by the sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporters 1 and 2 (GLYT1 and GLYT2 respectively). GLYT1 is encoded by the human gene SLC5A9 and is expressed in the brain, liver, kidney, pancreas, lung and placenta (Kim KM et al, 1994). GLYT2 is encoded by the human gene SLC6A5 and is predominantly expressed in the medulla (Morrow JA et al, 1998). Defects in SLC6A5 cause startle disease (STHE or hyperekplexia). STHE is is a human neurological disorder characterized by an excessive startle response (Rees MI et al, 2006).
REACT_20626 (Reactome) The human SLC10A6 gene encodes a sodium-dependant organic anion transporter, SOAT. Highest expressions of the gene are in testis, placenta and pancreas. Unlike the other SLC10A gene products, SOAT shows no affinity for binding bile acids. However, SOAT is able to transport sulpho-conjugated bile acids such as taurolithocholate 3-sulphate (Geyer J et al, 2007). It can also transport the structurally similar sulphated steroids (not shown here), thus SOAT may play a role in delivery of these prohormones to testis, pancreas and placenta.
REACT_20641 (Reactome) The human gene SLC39A5 encodes the zinc transporter hZIP5 (Wang F et al, 2004). Highest expressions are seen in liver, kidney, pancreas and throughout the small intestine and colon with little expression detected in other tissues. hZIP5 is localized to the basolateral membrane of cells in these tissues. The functionality of ZIP5 as a zinc transporter was determined using mouse protein (mZIP5) (Wang F et al, 2004).
REACT_20648 (Reactome) The human gene SLC39A6 encodes the zinc transporter ZIP6 (LIV-1). The gene is oestrogen-regulated and has been implicated in metastatic breast cancer. ZIP6 mediates the transport of zinc into cells, is localized to the plasma membrane and is expressed mainly in hormonal tissues such as breast, prostate and brain (Taylor KM et al, 2003).

The human gene SLC39A14 encodes the zinc transporter ZIP14. This protein is ubiquitously expressed with higher expression seen in heart, liver and pancreas. ZIP14 is localized to the plasma membrane and mediates zinc influx into cells (Taylor KM et al, 2005).
REACT_20650 (Reactome) The human gene family SLC47 encodes 2 multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE) proteins. Mammalian MATE-type transporters are responsible for the final step in the excretion of metabolic waste and xenobiotic organic cations in the kidney and liver through electroneutral exchange of H(+).
MATE1 is primarily expressed in the kidney and liver, where it is localized to the luminal membranes of the urinary tubules and bile canaliculi. When expressed in HEK293 cells, MATE1 mediates H(+)-coupled electroneutral exchange of various drugs (Otsuka M et al, 2005). MATE2 is a human kidney-specific H+/organic cation antiporter that is responsible for the tubular secretion of cationic drugs across the brush border membranes (Masuda S et al, 2006). Substrates for both MATEs include tetraethylammonium, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, cimetidine, metformin, creatinine, guanidine and procainamide (Tanihara Y et al, 2007).
REACT_20654 (Reactome) The human gene RhBG encodes a Rhesus blood group family type B glycoprotein which is expressed mainly in the kidney but is also found in the liver. The liver and kidney are important tissues for ammonium metabolism and excretion. RhBG is located on the basolateral membrane and mediates the reversible transport of ammonium in and out of renal collecting duct cells in an electroneutral manner, with H+ transported the other way (Ludewig U, 2004; Liu Z et al, 2001).
REACT_20655 (Reactome) Carrier-mediated urea transport allows rapid urea movement across the cell membrane, which is particularly important in the process of urinary concentration and for rapid urea equilibrium in non-renal tissues. Two carriers exist in humans, HUT2 which is renal-specific (Olives B et al, 1996) and HUT11, which is erythrocyte-specific (Olives B et al, 1994).
REACT_20659 (Reactome) Four transporters mediate GABA uptake in the brain, GAT1-3 and BGT1. They terminates the action of GABA by high affinity sodium-dependent reuptake into presynaptic terminals. Transport of GABA by GAT1-3 is proposed to be accompanied by 2Na+ ions and 1 Cl- ion (Loo DD et al, 2000).

SLC6A1 encodes a sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1, GAT1, which is the predominant GABA transporter in brain. It is widely distributed in the brain and co-localized to GABAergic neurons (Nelson H et al, 1990). SLC6A13 encodes a sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2, GAT2, which is localized to GABAergic neurons in the brain. It is also found in retina, liver and kidney (Christiansen B et al, 2007). SLC6A11 encodes a sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 3, GAT3. It is expressed in the brain and localizes to GABAergic neurons (Borden LA et al, 1994).
REACT_20667 (Reactome) Copper (Cu2+) is essential for many important biological processes such as mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, detoxification of free radicals, iron metabolism and neurotransmiter synthesis. Too much influx results in cell poisoning. In humans, there are two member of the SLC31 gene family that are implicated in copper transport. The human gene SLC31A1 encodes human copper transporter 1, hCTR1 and is ubiquitiously expressed, with highest levels seen in the liver.. It was first identified by functional complementation in ctr1-deficient yeast (Zhou B and Gitschier J, 1997). hCTR1 exists as a homotrimer at the plasma membrane of cells (De Feo CJ et al, 2007) and is responsible for high-affinity copper uptake (Lee J et al, 2002). The second gene product, hCTR2, has not be characterized yet.
REACT_20673 (Reactome) The human gene SLC39A1 encodes the zinc transporter hZIP1. It is ubiquitously expressed (Lioumi M et al, 1999) and mediates the influx of zinc into cells (Gaither LA and Eide DJ, 2001).
The human gene SLC39A2 encodes the zinc transporter hZIP2. It is expressed exclusively in prostate and uterine epithelial cells and mediates zinc transport into cells (Gaither LA and Eide DJ, 2000).

Normal prostate cells have the ability to accumulate high levels of zinc. In prostate cancer, hZIP1-3 transporters are down-regulated and the cells lose the ability to accumulate zinc. Zinc plays a role as a tumour-suppressing agent thus prostate cells can become cancerous. Silencing of the genes that express hZIP1-3 transporters is a required event for malignancy (Costello LC et al, 1999; Desouki MM et al, 2007).

The human gene SLC39A4 encodes the zinc transporter hZIP4 (Kury S et al, 2002). The role of zinc in tumour progression is complicated and, subsequently, so are the role of ZIP transporters. For example, ZIP4 can actually enhance cancer progression (Li M et al, 2007; Li M et al, 2009). Defects in SLC39A4 result in the inherited condition acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE) results from defective absorption of dietary zinc from the duodenum and jejunum. Clinical features include growth retardation, immune system dysfunction, severe dermatitis and mental disorders (Wang K et al, 2002).
REACT_20674 (Reactome) The human gene SLC30A2 encodes zinc transporter ZnT2. Its function is inferred from experiments using rat Znt2 (Palmiter RD et al, 1996).
REACT_20677 (Reactome) The human gene RhCG encodes the Rhesus blood group family type C glycoprotein which is mainly expressed in kidney collecting duct but also found in testis. RhCG is located on the apical membrane and mediates the bi-directional transport of ammonium into and out of renal collecting duct cells in an electroneutral manner, with H+ transported the other way (Liu Z et al, 2000; Marini AM et al, 2000).
REACT_20678 (Reactome) The human SLC30A8 gene encodes the zinc transporter ZnT8 which is specifically expressed in pancreatic beta cells. Zinc is required for zinc-insulin crystallization within secretory vesicles of these cells. After glucose stimulation, large amounts of zinc are secreted locally in the extracellular matrix together with insulin. It has been suggested that this co-secreted zinc plays a role in islet cell paracrine and/or autocrine communication
(Chimienti F et al, 2006).
REACT_20680 (Reactome) Magnesium (Mg2+) is an abundant cation that is important for many intracellular biochemical functions, especially as a cofactor for ATP. Intracellular Mg2+ concentrations must be finely regulated and recently, transporters for this cation have been elucidated. The human genes SLC41A1 and SLC41A2 encode magnesium transport proteins 1 and 2 respectively (MagT1 and MagT2). They both mediate the uptake of Mg2+ into cells (Goytain A and Quamme GA, 2005; Sahni J et al, 2007). A third human gene, SLC41A3, is also thought to encode a MagT protein but has not been characterized yet.
REACT_22167 (Reactome) The human gene SLC22A3 encodes organic cation transporter OCT3. It is mainly expressed in skeletal muscle, liver, placenta, kidney and heart, and to a lesser extent in brain. OCT3 is involved in the biliary excretion of cationic drugs. In CNS, ganglia and heart, OCT3 regulates the interstitial concentrations of monoamine neurotransmitters and cationic drugs. In placenta, OCT3 is responsible for the release of acetylcholine during nonneuronal cholinergic regulation (Grundemann D et al,1998; Wu X et al, 2000).
REACT_22187 (Reactome) The human gene SLC22A5 encodes the organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 (OCTN2). OCTN2 is strongly expressed in the kidney, skeletal muscle, heart and placenta (Tamai I et al, 1998). Defects in SLC22A5 are the cause of systemic primary carnitine deficiency (CDSP) (Tang NL et al, 1999) and susceptibility to Crohn disease (CD) (Peltekova VD et al, 2004). The human gene SLC22A15 encodes the fly-like putative transporter1 (FLIPT1). FLIPT1 is a novel transporter highly expressed in kidney and brain is shown to be homologous to other carnitine transporters (Eraly SA and Nigan SK, 2002). The human gene SLC22A16 encodes the organic cation/carnitine transporter 6 (also called the fly-like putative transporter 2, FLIPT2) (Enomoto A et al, 2002). FLIPT2 is strongly expressed in the testis and epididymas as well as generally in other tissues and in leukaemia cells ( Enomoto A et al, 2002; Gong S et al, 2002). All of these transporters are sodium-dependent, high affinity carnitine cotransporters.
REACT_22221 (Reactome) The human gene SLC22A1 expresses the organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) mainly in the liver. It can mediate the reversible transport of a broad array of organic cations with various structures and molecular weights including the model compounds 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), tetraethylammonium (TEA), N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN) and 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium (Zhang L et al, 1998; Gorboulev V et al, 1997).
REACT_22238 (Reactome) Urate is a naturally occurring product of purine metabolism and is a scavenger of biological oxidants. Due to this ability, changes in urate levels are implicated in numerous disease processes. The human gene SLC22A12 encodes urate transporter 1 (URAT1), predominantly expressed in the kidney and is involved in the regulation of blood urate levels. This transport can be trans-stimulated by organic anions such as L-lactate (Enomoto A et al, 2002). Defects in SLC22A12 result in idiopathic renal hypouricaemia (lack of blood urate) (Wakida N et al, 2005).
REACT_22250 (Reactome) The human gene SLC22A6 encodes organic anion transporter1 (OAT1). It was originally characterized in mouse as Novel Kidney Transcript (NKT). OAT1 is located on the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubule in human kidney as well as in the brain (Reid G et al, 1998; Lu R et al, 1999; Hosoyamada M et al, 1999). The human gene SLC22A7 encodes organic anion transporter 2 (OAT2) and is highly expressed in the liver and kidney (Sun W et al, 2001; Kobayashi Y et al, 2005). The human gene SLC22A8 encodes organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3) which is expressed mainly in the brain and kidney (Race JE et al, 1999; Bakhiya A et al, 2003).
OAT1-3 transport organic anions such as p-aminohippurate and drugs such as cimetidine and acyclovir. This transport is is coupled with an efflux of one molecule of endogenous dicarboxylic acid such as alpha-ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate). OAT2 is classified as both a transporter of organic anions and sulphate conjugates.
REACT_22283 (Reactome) The human gene SLC22A2 encodes the organic cation transporter OCT2. It is expressed in a variety of tissues, especially the kidney and placenta. OCT2 can mediate the reversible transport of a broad array of organic cations with various structures and molecular weights including the model compounds 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), tetraethylammonium (TEA), N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN) and 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium (Gorboulev V et al, 1997). Pharmaceuticals that up-regulate OCT2 in the kidney can increase the renal excretion of cationic drugs.
REACT_22294 (Reactome) The human gene SLC22A7 encodes organic anion transporter 2 (OAT2) and is highly expressed in the liver and kidney (Sun W et al, 2001; Kobayashi Y et al, 2005). The human gene SLC22A11 encodes organic anion transporter 4 (OAT4) which is highly expressed in the placenta and kidney (Cha SH et al, 2000; Ekaratanawong S et al, 2004). Both of these transporters mediate the influx of sulfate conjugates with antiport of dicarboxylic acid. OAT2 is classified as both a transporter of organic anions and sulphate conjugates.
REACT_22304 (Reactome) The human gene SLC22A4 encodes the ergothioneine transporter (ETT). It was originally discovered as a organic cation/carnitine transporter (OCTN1) (Tamai I et al, 1997) but its main substrate is not carnitine. It is widely expressed and transports ergothioneine more than 100 times more efficiently than tetraethylammonium and carnitine (Grundemann D et al, 2005), leading to the name change from OCTN1 to ETT. Defects in SLC22A4 may be a cause of susceptibility to Crohn disease (CD) (Peltekova VD et al, 2004).
REACT_22327 (Reactome) The human gene SLC22A2 encodes the organic cation transporter OCT2. It is expressed in a variety of tissues, especially the kidney and placenta. OCT2 can mediate the reversible transport of a broad array of organic cations with various structures and molecular weights including the model compounds 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), tetraethylammonium (TEA), N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN) and 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium (Gorboulev V et al, 1997). Pharmaceuticals that up-regulate OCT2 in the kidney can increase the renal excretion of cationic drugs.
REACT_22348 (Reactome) The human gene SLC22A1 expresses the organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) mainly in the liver. It can mediate the reversible transport of a broad array of organic cations with various structures and molecular weights including the model compounds 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), tetraethylammonium (TEA), N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN) and 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium (Zhang L et al, 1998; Gorboulev V et al, 1997).
REACT_22373 (Reactome) The human gene SLC22A3 encodes organic cation transporter OCT3. It is mainly expressed in skeletal muscle, liver, placenta, kidney and heart, and to a lesser extent in brain. OCT3 is involved in the biliary excretion of cationic drugs. In CNS, ganglia and heart, OCT3 regulates the interstitial concentrations of monoamine neurotransmitters and cationic drugs. In placenta, OCT3 is responsible for the release of acetylcholine during nonneuronal cholinergic regulation (Grundemann D et al,1998; Wu X et al, 2000).
REACT_22432 (Reactome) The human gene SLC22A18 encodes organic cation transporter-like protein 2 (ORCTL2). It is expressed to high levels in kidney, liver and colon. ORCTL2 can transport chloroquine and quinidine with the antiport of protons (Reece M et al, 1998). Defects in SLC22A18 may play a role in tumorigenesis (Schwienbacher C et al, 1998).
REACT_23996 (Reactome) MTP1 is also highly expressed on macrophages where it mediates iron efflux from the breakdown of haem.
The human gene SLC40A1 encodes a metal transporter protein MTP1 (also called ferroportin or IREG1) (Schimanski LM et al, 2005). MTP1 colocalizes with ceruloplasmin (CP) which stablizes MTP1 and is necessary for the efflux reaction to occur (Texel SJ et al, 2008). Ceruloplasmin also catalyzes the conversion of iron from ferrous (Fe2+) to ferric form (Fe3+), therefore assisting in its transport in the plasma in association with transferrin, which can only carry iron in the ferric state. As well as on macrophages, MTP1 is also highly expressed in the duodenum, placenta (where it may mediate the transport of iron from maternal to foetal circulation), in muscle and the spleen.
REACT_9449 (Reactome) The reversible transport of extracellular fructose into the cytosol is mediated by GLUT5. In the small intestine, GLUT5 is localized on the lumenal surfaces of enterocytes (Davidson et al. 1992) and thus mediates the uptake of dietary fructose, which can be released into the circulation in a separate transport step mediated by basolaterally localized GLUT2. The specificity of GLUT5 has been worked out by studying sugar transport in Xenopus oocytes expressing recombinant human GLUT5 protein (Burant et al. 1992).
REACT_9458 (Reactome) The reversible facilitated diffusion of fructose, galactose, and glucose from the cytosol to the extracellular space is mediated by the GLUT2 transporter in the plasma membrane. In the epithelial cells of the small intestine, the basolateral localization of GLUT2 (Thorens et al. 1990) enables hexose sugars derived from the diet and taken up by the action of the SGLT1 and GLUT5 transporters to be released into the circulation. The specificity of the GLUT2 transporter has been established directly through biochemical assays of purified recombinant proteins (Colville et al. 1993; Wu et al. 1998) and indirectly through studies of patients deficient in GLUT2 transporter protein (Santer et al. 1997).
REACT_9525 (Reactome) The transport of extracellular glucose and galactose into the cytosol, coupled to the uptake of two sodium ions for each hexose transported is mediated by SGLT1. In the small intestine, SGLT1 is localized on the lumenal surfaces of enterocytes and thus mediates the uptake of dietary glucose and galactose, which can be released into the circulation in a separate transport step mediated by basolaterally localized GLUT2 (Wright et al. 2004). The specificity of SGLT1 has been worked out by studying sugar transport in plasma membrane vesicles containing recombinant human SGLT1 protein (Quick et al. 2003). Consistent with these in vitro results, children lacking functional SGLT1 protein fail to absord dietary glucose and galactose (Martin et al. 1996).
RHAGmim-catalysisREACT_20532 (Reactome)
RHBGmim-catalysisREACT_20571 (Reactome)
RHBGmim-catalysisREACT_20654 (Reactome)
RHCGmim-catalysisREACT_20505 (Reactome)
RHCGmim-catalysisREACT_20677 (Reactome)
SLC10A6mim-catalysisREACT_20626 (Reactome)
SLC11A1mim-catalysisREACT_20522 (Reactome)
SLC11A2mim-catalysisREACT_20526 (Reactome)
SLC13A1mim-catalysisREACT_20504 (Reactome)
SLC13A2mim-catalysisREACT_20534 (Reactome)
SLC13A3mim-catalysisREACT_20618 (Reactome)
SLC13A4mim-catalysisREACT_20550 (Reactome)
SLC13A5mim-catalysisREACT_20529 (Reactome)
SLC22A12mim-catalysisREACT_22238 (Reactome)
SLC22A18mim-catalysisREACT_22432 (Reactome)
SLC22A3mim-catalysisREACT_22167 (Reactome)
SLC22A3mim-catalysisREACT_22373 (Reactome)
SLC22A4mim-catalysisREACT_22304 (Reactome)
SLC2A13mim-catalysisREACT_19215 (Reactome)
SLC2A5mim-catalysisREACT_9449 (Reactome)
SLC2A9mim-catalysisREACT_19288 (Reactome)
SLC30A1mim-catalysisREACT_20614 (Reactome)
SLC30A2mim-catalysisREACT_20674 (Reactome)
SLC30A3mim-catalysisREACT_20502 (Reactome)
SLC30A5mim-catalysisREACT_20545 (Reactome)
SLC30A6mim-catalysisREACT_20607 (Reactome)
SLC30A7mim-catalysisREACT_20512 (Reactome)
SLC30A8mim-catalysisREACT_20678 (Reactome)
SLC31A1mim-catalysisREACT_20667 (Reactome)
SLC39A10mim-catalysisREACT_20536 (Reactome)
SLC39A5mim-catalysisREACT_20641 (Reactome)
SLC39A7mim-catalysisREACT_20575 (Reactome)
SLC39A8mim-catalysisREACT_20516 (Reactome)
SLC5A11mim-catalysisREACT_19299 (Reactome)
SLC5A1mim-catalysisREACT_9525 (Reactome)
SLC5A2mim-catalysisREACT_19399 (Reactome)
SLC5A3mim-catalysisREACT_19415 (Reactome)
SLC5A7mim-catalysisREACT_20595 (Reactome)
SLC5A9mim-catalysisREACT_19292 (Reactome)
SLC6A GABA transportersmim-catalysisREACT_20659 (Reactome)
SLC6A12mim-catalysisREACT_13561 (Reactome)
SLC6A14mim-catalysisREACT_14802 (Reactome)
SLC6A15mim-catalysisREACT_13593 (Reactome)
SLC6A18mim-catalysisREACT_13677 (Reactome)
SLC6A19mim-catalysisREACT_14843 (Reactome)
SLC6A20mim-catalysisREACT_13591 (Reactome)
SLC6A2mim-catalysisREACT_20592 (Reactome)
SLC6A3mim-catalysisREACT_15468 (Reactome)
SLC6A6mim-catalysisREACT_13704 (Reactome)
SLC6A7mim-catalysisREACT_20557 (Reactome)
SO4ArrowREACT_20504 (Reactome)
SO4ArrowREACT_20550 (Reactome)
SO4REACT_20504 (Reactome)
SO4REACT_20550 (Reactome)
SUCCAArrowREACT_20618 (Reactome)
SUCCAREACT_20618 (Reactome)
Sodium dependent Serotonin transportermim-catalysisREACT_15458 (Reactome)
UrateArrowREACT_22238 (Reactome)
UrateREACT_22238 (Reactome)
Urea transportersmim-catalysisREACT_20655 (Reactome)
VMAT1/2mim-catalysisREACT_20519 (Reactome)
ZIP6/ZIP14mim-catalysisREACT_20648 (Reactome)
hZIP1-4mim-catalysisREACT_20673 (Reactome)
hexoses transported by SGLT4ArrowREACT_19292 (Reactome)
hexoses transported by SGLT4REACT_19292 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A12 ArrowREACT_13561 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A12 REACT_13561 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A14ArrowREACT_14802 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A14REACT_14802 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A15ArrowREACT_13593 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A15REACT_13593 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A19ArrowREACT_14843 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A19REACT_14843 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A6ArrowREACT_13704 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A6REACT_13704 (Reactome)
taurolithocholate sulfateArrowREACT_20626 (Reactome)
taurolithocholate sulfateREACT_20626 (Reactome)
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