Valproic acid pathway (Homo sapiens)

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ArcPathVisio Brace Ellipse EndoplasmicReticulum GolgiApparatus HexagonPathVisio MimDegradation Mitochondria Octagon PentagonPathVisio Rectangle RoundedRectangle SarcoplasmicReticulum TriangleEquilateralEast TrianglePathVisio none mode of actionmetabolismincreased levelsre-uptake of GABAValproic acidABATGABAHDAC1CYP2A63-Hydroxyvalproic acid3-Oxovalproic acidValproic acid glucuronideUGT1A3Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acidUridine 5'-diphosphate4-ene-Valproic acid2-Propyl-2,4-pentadienoic acid4-ene-Valproic acid CoAACADSB2,3-diene-Valproic acid-CoAValproic acid CoAACSM12-ene-Valproic acid CoAIVDEHHADH3-Hydroxyvalproic acid CoA3-oxo-Valproic acid CoAHSD17B10Pentanoyl-CoAPropionyl-CoA3-ene-Valproic acid CoA2,3-diene-Valproic acid-CoA5-Hydroxyvalproic acid2-Propylglutaric acid4-Hydroxyvalproic acid2-n-Propyl-4-oxopentanoic acid3-ene-Valproic acid CoAHADHAHADHBCYP2B6CYP2C9CYP2A6ACADSBCYP2B6CYP2C9CYP2A6Name: Valproic acid pathwayOrganism: Homo sapiens


Description

Valproic acid is a drug used for treatment and management of seizure disorders, mania and prophylactic treatment of migraine headache. In epileptics, valproic acid is used to control absence seizures, tonic-clonic seizures (grand mal), complex partial seizures, and the seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Valproic Acid dissociates to the valproate ion in the gastrointestinal tract and then binds to and inhibits GABA transaminase. The drug's anticonvulsant activity may be related to increased brain concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, by inhibiting enzymes that catabolize GABA or block the reuptake of GABA into glia and nerve endings. Valproic Acid may also work by suppressing repetitive neuronal firing through inhibition of voltage-sensitive sodium channels. It is also a histone deacetylase inhibitor. Valproic acid has also been shown to be an inhibitor of an enzyme called histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1). HDAC1 is needed for HIV to remain in infected cells. A study published in August 2005 revealed that patients treated with valproic acid in addition to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) showed a 75% reduction in latent HIV infection.

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Quality Tags

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Ontology Terms

 

Bibliography

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  1. Argikar UA, Remmel RP; ''Effect of aging on glucuronidation of valproic acid in human liver microsomes and the role of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT1A4, UGT1A8, and UGT1A10.''; Drug Metab Dispos, 2009 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  2. Chung JY, Cho JY, Yu KS, Kim JR, Lim KS, Sohn DR, Shin SG, Jang IJ; ''Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction of lorazepam and valproic acid in relation to UGT2B7 genetic polymorphism in healthy subjects.''; Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2008 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  3. Kassahun K, Farrell K, Abbott F; ''Identification and characterization of the glutathione and N-acetylcysteine conjugates of (E)-2-propyl-2,4-pentadienoic acid, a toxic metabolite of valproic acid, in rats and humans.''; Drug Metab Dispos, 1991 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  4. Li J, Norwood DL, Mao LF, Schulz H; ''Mitochondrial metabolism of valproic acid.''; Biochemistry, 1991 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  5. Ito M, Ikeda Y, Arnez JG, Finocchiaro G, Tanaka K; ''The enzymatic basis for the metabolism and inhibitory effects of valproic acid: dehydrogenation of valproyl-CoA by 2-methyl-branched-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase.''; Biochim Biophys Acta, 1990 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  6. Sadeque AJ, Fisher MB, Korzekwa KR, Gonzalez FJ, Rettie AE; ''Human CYP2C9 and CYP2A6 mediate formation of the hepatotoxin 4-ene-valproic acid.''; J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1997 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  7. ''''; , PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  8. Kassahun K, Hu P, Grillo MP, Davis MR, Jin L, Baillie TA; ''Metabolic activation of unsaturated derivatives of valproic acid. Identification of novel glutathione adducts formed through coenzyme A-dependent and -independent processes.''; Chem Biol Interact, 1994 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  9. Kiang TK, Ho PC, Anari MR, Tong V, Abbott FS, Chang TK; ''Contribution of CYP2C9, CYP2A6, and CYP2B6 to valproic acid metabolism in hepatic microsomes from individuals with the CYP2C9*1/*1 genotype.''; Toxicol Sci, 2006 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  10. Luís PB, Ruiter JP, Ofman R, Ijlst L, Moedas M, Diogo L, Garcia P, de Almeida IT, Duran M, Wanders RJ, Silva MF; ''Valproic acid utilizes the isoleucine breakdown pathway for its complete β-oxidation.''; Biochem Pharmacol, 2011 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  11. Ho PC, Abbott FS, Zanger UM, Chang TK; ''Influence of CYP2C9 genotypes on the formation of a hepatotoxic metabolite of valproic acid in human liver microsomes.''; Pharmacogenomics J, 2003 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia

History

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CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
137324view16:35, 1 March 2025EweitzTailor node width
137323view16:33, 1 March 2025EweitzStandardize case, align nodes
137322view16:32, 1 March 2025EweitzEconomize layout
137321view16:30, 1 March 2025EweitzTailor node width, align nodes
137320view16:22, 1 March 2025EweitzIncrease font size
137319view16:21, 1 March 2025EweitzTailor node width
137222view09:00, 1 March 2025EgonwModified description
106754view13:23, 17 September 2019MaintBotHMDB identifier normalization
105851view23:16, 15 August 2019KhanspersModified description
94406view15:25, 6 September 2017DeSlOntology Term : 'xenobiotic metabolic pathway' added !
88572view09:53, 11 August 2016Fehrhartfixed weird lines
88571view09:50, 11 August 2016FehrhartModified description
88570view09:49, 11 August 2016FehrhartModified description
88569view09:49, 11 August 2016FehrhartModified description
88568view09:48, 11 August 2016FehrhartModified description
88567view09:47, 11 August 2016FehrhartModified description
88565view09:40, 11 August 2016FehrhartModified description
88564view09:32, 11 August 2016FehrhartOntology Term : 'epilepsy' added !
88563view09:32, 11 August 2016FehrhartOntology Term : 'hepatocyte' added !
88562view09:32, 11 August 2016FehrhartOntology Term : 'neuron' added !
88561view09:31, 11 August 2016FehrhartOntology Term : 'valproic acid drug pathway' added !
88560view09:31, 11 August 2016FehrhartModified description
88559view09:30, 11 August 2016FehrhartNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

View all...
Name  ↓Type  ↓Database reference  ↓Comment  ↓
2,3-diene-Valproic acid-CoAMetaboliteHMDB60723 (HMDB)
2-Propyl-2,4-pentadienoic acidMetaboliteHMDB60682 (HMDB)
2-Propylglutaric acidMetaboliteHMDB60684 (HMDB)
2-ene-Valproic acid CoAMetaboliteHMDB60714 (HMDB)
2-n-Propyl-4-oxopentanoic acidMetaboliteHMDB60683 (HMDB)
3-Hydroxyvalproic acid CoAMetaboliteHMDB60744 (HMDB)
3-Hydroxyvalproic acidMetaboliteHMDB13899 (HMDB)
3-Oxovalproic acidMetaboliteHMDB60685 (HMDB)
3-ene-Valproic acid CoAMetaboliteHMDB60740 (HMDB)
3-oxo-Valproic acid CoAMetaboliteHMDB60749 (HMDB)
4-Hydroxyvalproic acidMetaboliteHMDB13900 (HMDB)
4-ene-Valproic acid CoAMetaboliteHMDB60762 (HMDB)
4-ene-Valproic acidMetaboliteHMDB13897 (HMDB)
5-Hydroxyvalproic acidMetaboliteHMDB13898 (HMDB)
ABATGeneProductENSG00000183044 (Ensembl)
ACADSBGeneProductENSG00000196177 (Ensembl)
ACSM1GeneProductENSG00000166743 (Ensembl)
CYP2A6GeneProductENSG00000255974 (Ensembl)
CYP2B6GeneProductENSG00000197408 (Ensembl)
CYP2C9GeneProductENSG00000138109 (Ensembl)
EHHADHGeneProductENSG00000113790 (Ensembl)
GABAMetaboliteHMDB00112 (HMDB)
HADHAGeneProductENSG00000084754 (Ensembl)
HADHBGeneProductENSG00000138029 (Ensembl)
HDAC1GeneProductENSG00000116478 (Ensembl)
HSD17B10GeneProductENSG00000072506 (Ensembl)
IVDGeneProductENSG00000128928 (Ensembl)
Pentanoyl-CoAMetaboliteHMDB13037 (HMDB)
Propionyl-CoAMetaboliteHMDB01275 (HMDB)
UGT1A3GeneProductENSG00000243135 (Ensembl)
Uridine 5'-diphosphateMetaboliteHMDB00295 (HMDB)
Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acidMetaboliteHMDB00935 (HMDB)
Valproic acid CoAMetaboliteHMDB60877 (HMDB)
Valproic acid glucuronideMetaboliteHMDB00901 (HMDB)
Valproic acidMetaboliteHMDB01877 (HMDB)

Annotated Interactions

No annotated interactions

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