Glycogen synthesis and degradation (Homo sapiens)
From WikiPathways
Description
Glycogen synthesis is, unlike its breakdown, endergonic. This means that glycogen synthesis requires the input of energy. Energy for glycogen synthesis comes from UTP, which reacts with glucose-1-phosphate, forming UDP-glucose, in reaction catalyzed by UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. Glycogen is synthesized from monomers of UDP-glucose by the enzyme glycogen synthase, which progressively lengthens the glycogen chain with (a1->4) bonded glucose. As glycogen synthase can only lengthen an existing chain, the protein glycogenin is needed to initiate the synthesis of glycogen. The glycogen-branching enzyme, amylo (a1->4) to (a1->6) transglycosylase, catalyzes the transfer of a terminal fragment of 6-7 glucose residues from a nonreducing end to the C-6 hydroxyl group of a glucose residue deeper into the interior of the glycogen molecule. The branching enzyme can act upon only a branch having at least 11 residues, and the enzyme may transfer to the same glucose chain or adjacent glucose chains.
Glycogen degradation consists of three steps: (1) the release of glucose 1-phosphate from glycogen, (2) the remodeling of the glycogen substrate to permit further degradation, and (3) the conversion of glucose 1-phosphate into glucose 6-phosphate for further metabolism.
Information partly derived from "Biochemistry" by Stryer and Wikipedia.
Proteins on this pathway have targeted assays available via the CPTAC Assay PortalQuality Tags
Ontology Terms
Bibliography
- Moses SW, Bashan N, Gutman A; ''Glycogen metabolism in the normal red blood cell.''; Blood, 1972 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Salway, Jack G; ''Metabolism at a Glance''; John Wiley & Sons, 2016
History
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External references
DataNodes
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Name | Type | Database reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
AGL | GeneProduct | 178 (Entrez Gene) | |
CALM1 | GeneProduct | 801 (Entrez Gene) | |
CALM2 | GeneProduct | 805 (Entrez Gene) | |
CALM3 | GeneProduct | 808 (Entrez Gene) | |
D-Glucose | Metabolite | HMDB0000122 (HMDB) | |
GBE1 | GeneProduct | 2632 (Entrez Gene) | |
GSK3A | GeneProduct | 2931 (Entrez Gene) | |
GSK3B | GeneProduct | 2932 (Entrez Gene) | |
GYG2 | GeneProduct | 8908 (Entrez Gene) | |
GYG | GeneProduct | 2992 (Entrez Gene) | |
GYS1 | GeneProduct | 2997 (Entrez Gene) | |
GYS2 | GeneProduct | 2998 (Entrez Gene) | |
Glucose 1-phosphate | Metabolite | HMDB0001586 (HMDB) | |
Glucose-1-phosphate | Metabolite | 59-56-3 (CAS) | |
Glucose-6-phosphate (2-) | Metabolite | CHEBI:75052 (ChEBI) | |
Glycogen (n+1) | Metabolite | 9005-79-2 (CAS) | |
Glycogen | Metabolite | 9005-79-2 (CAS) | |
Glycolysis | Pathway | WP534 (WikiPathways) | |
Hexokinase-1 (Brain) | Protein | P19367 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) | |
Hexokinase-2 (muscle) | Protein | P52789 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) | |
Hexokinase-3 | Protein | P52790 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) | predominant hexokinase in myeloid cells, particularly granulocytes |
PGM1 | GeneProduct | 5236 (Entrez Gene) | |
PHKA1 | GeneProduct | 5255 (Entrez Gene) | |
PHKA2 | GeneProduct | 5256 (Entrez Gene) | |
PHKB | GeneProduct | 5257 (Entrez Gene) | |
PHKG1 | GeneProduct | 5260 (Entrez Gene) | |
PHKG2 | GeneProduct | 5261 (Entrez Gene) | |
PPP2CA | GeneProduct | 5515 (Entrez Gene) | |
PPP2CB | GeneProduct | 5516 (Entrez Gene) | |
PPP2R1A | GeneProduct | 5518 (Entrez Gene) | |
PPP2R1B | GeneProduct | 5519 (Entrez Gene) | |
PPP2R2A | GeneProduct | 5520 (Entrez Gene) | |
PPP2R2B | GeneProduct | 5521 (Entrez Gene) | |
PPP2R2C | GeneProduct | 5522 (Entrez Gene) | |
PPP2R3A | GeneProduct | 5523 (Entrez Gene) | |
PPP2R3B | GeneProduct | 28227 (Entrez Gene) | |
PPP2R4 | GeneProduct | 5524 (Entrez Gene) | |
PPP2R5A | GeneProduct | 5525 (Entrez Gene) | |
PPP2R5B | GeneProduct | 5526 (Entrez Gene) | |
PPP2R5C | GeneProduct | 5527 (Entrez Gene) | |
PPP2R5D | GeneProduct | 5528 (Entrez Gene) | |
PPP2R5E | GeneProduct | 5529 (Entrez Gene) | |
PYG, brain form | Protein | P11216 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) | |
PYG, liver form | Protein | P06737 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) | |
PYG, muscle form | Protein | P11217 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) | |
PYG | GeneProduct | 2.4.1.1 (Enzyme Nomenclature) | glycogen phosphorylase |
PYGB | GeneProduct | 5834 (Entrez Gene) | |
PYGL | GeneProduct | 5836 (Entrez Gene) | |
PYGM | GeneProduct | 5837 (Entrez Gene) | |
Putative hexokinase HKDC1 | Protein | Q2TB90 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) | expression pharynx, thymus, colon, esophagus, and eye tissue |
UDP-glucose | Metabolite | HMDB0000286 (HMDB) | |
UGP2 | GeneProduct | 7360 (Entrez Gene) | |
cAMP | Metabolite | HMDB0000058 (HMDB) | |
hexokinase | GeneProduct | 2.7.1.1 (Enzyme Nomenclature) | glycogen phosphorylase |
Annotated Interactions
No annotated interactions