Disorders of galactose metabolism (Homo sapiens)

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Description

Galactose is converted into glucose 1-phosphate (G1P) through a series of steps called the Leloir pathway. The first step of the pathway is the phosphorylation of galactose by galactokinase (encoded GALK1) to yield galactose 1-phosphate. Conversion of galactose 1-phosphate to G1P requires the transfer of UDP from UDP-glucose catalyzed by GALT. UDP-galactose is converted to UDP-glucose by GALE. Glucose-1-phosphate is converted to glucose-6-phosphate by phosphoglucomutase (PGM) and vice versa.

There are two known disorders concerning the uptake transports of galactose (SGLT1 and GLUT2 deficiency) and three known disorders of galactose metabolism: galactokinase deficiency (GALK-D), galactose 1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency (galactosemia, GALT-D) and uridine diphosphate galactose 4-epimerase deficiency (GALE-D).

Among these, galactosemia is the most common and most severe. This pathway was inspired by Chapter 18, figure 18.3 of the book of Blau (4th edition; ISBN: 978-3-642-40337-8).

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Ontology Terms

 

Bibliography

  1. Dorit Koren, Andrew Palladino; ''Hypoglycemia. Genetic Diagnosis of endocrine disorders''; https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800892-8.00003-8, 2016 DOI Scholia
  2. Coelho AI, Berry GT, Rubio-Gozalbo ME; ''Galactose metabolism and health.''; Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 2015 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  3. Morava E; ''Galactose supplementation in phosphoglucomutase-1 deficiency; review and outlook for a novel treatable CDG.''; Mol Genet Metab, 2014 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  4. Blau, Nenad, Duran, Marinus, Gibson, K. Michael, Dionisi-Vici, Carlo.; ''Physician's Guide to the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Follow-Up of Inherited Metabolic Diseases''; Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, ed.4. 2014. DOI Scholia

History

View all...
CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
136172view14:28, 21 December 2024Egonwgalactose translocation
134383view15:53, 21 July 2024EweitzRemove template comments
128234view13:48, 29 January 2024EweitzSoften disease color; standardize case, pathway node shape
125325view22:16, 31 January 2023LarsgwAdd DOI to reference
124893view14:29, 29 December 2022EgonwManually added the DOI identifier as identifier too
122082view13:13, 10 March 2022AlexandraboschOntology Term : 'glycogen storage disease XV' added !
122081view12:48, 10 March 2022Alexandraboschdisease label changed
122060view13:41, 9 March 2022Alexandraboschlayout changes
122043view10:59, 9 March 2022AlexandraboschOntology Term : 'GALE deficiency pathway' added !
122042view10:58, 9 March 2022AlexandraboschOntology Term : 'DOID:0050570' removed !
122041view10:58, 9 March 2022AlexandraboschOntology Term : 'congenital disorder of glycosylation It' added !
122040view10:58, 9 March 2022AlexandraboschOntology Term : 'congenital disorder of glycosylation type I' added !
122034view10:51, 9 March 2022AlexandraboschOntology Term : 'glycogen storage disease IV' added !
122033view10:49, 9 March 2022AlexandraboschOntology Term : 'glycogen storage disease' added !
122031view10:49, 9 March 2022AlexandraboschOntology Term : 'glycogen storage disease VI' added !
122028view10:43, 9 March 2022Alexandraboschcorrection of anchor attachment of disease labels
122024view10:26, 9 March 2022Alexandraboschaddition of new diseases
122001view08:52, 9 March 2022Alexandraboschaddition of legend, reference and correction of disease labels
121833view09:38, 7 March 2022AlexandraboschModified description
121832view09:35, 7 March 2022AlexandraboschModified description
121753view11:41, 3 March 2022DeSllayout changes top right corner
121752view11:39, 3 March 2022DeSlConnected PGM1, small layout changes
121751view11:37, 3 March 2022DeSlSmall layout changes
121750view11:34, 3 March 2022DeSlFixed galactose dehydrogenase ID+database
121749view11:33, 3 March 2022DeSlDisconnected GBE1 due to unclear conversion direction. Converted 1 disease to have background colour (intestinal...)
121747view11:22, 3 March 2022DeSlConverted MIM-conversion to arrow (GBE1 reaction glycogen)
121689view08:00, 25 February 2022EgonwRemoved the RHEA prefix
121537view10:07, 21 February 2022EnzoChiaradiaOntology Term : 'galactose epimerase deficiency' added !
121536view10:03, 21 February 2022EnzoChiaradiaOntology Term : 'galactokinase deficiency' added !
121514view15:06, 20 February 2022EnzoChiaradiaadded missing Rhea annotations and added identifier to PYGL
121439view13:39, 17 February 2022AlexandraboschOntology Term : 'carbohydrate metabolic pathway' added !
121438view13:38, 17 February 2022AlexandraboschOntology Term : 'classic metabolic pathway' added !
121400view10:09, 17 February 2022AlexandraboschModified description
121399view10:09, 17 February 2022AlexandraboschModified description
121391view09:47, 17 February 2022AlexandraboschOntology Term : 'glycolysis pathway' added !
121386view09:27, 17 February 2022AlexandraboschOntology Term : 'altered galactose metabolic pathway' added !
121385view09:22, 17 February 2022AlexandraboschOntology Term : 'galactose metabolic pathway' added !
121384view09:21, 17 February 2022AlexandraboschOntology Term : 'galactosemia' added !
121383view09:21, 17 February 2022AlexandraboschOntology Term : 'disease pathway' added !
121382view09:10, 17 February 2022Alexandraboschremoved wrongly placed pathway node
121184view15:08, 10 February 2022Alexandraboschaddition of OMIM disease links

correction of direction of Rhea-reactions

addition of parts to glycogen synthesis pathway
121168view12:29, 10 February 2022Alexandraboschaddition of references
121161view09:56, 10 February 2022AlexandraboschModified title
121132view15:17, 9 February 2022Alexandraboschaddition of Rhea interactions
121127view12:59, 9 February 2022AlexandraboschNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

View all...
NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
AKR1B1GeneProductENSG00000085662 (Ensembl)
D-galactonateMetaboliteCHEBI:12931 (ChEBI)
GALEGeneProductENSG00000117308 (Ensembl)
GALK1GeneProductENSG00000108479 (Ensembl)
GALTGeneProductENSG00000213930 (Ensembl)
GBE1GeneProductENSG00000114480 (Ensembl) glycogen branching enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of alpha-1,4-linked glucosyl units from the outer end of a glycogen chain to an alpha-1,6 position on the same or a neighboring glycogen chain
GYG1GeneProductENSG00000163754 (Ensembl)
  • Glycogenin-1 is involved in the biosynthesis of glycogen. It is capable of self-glucosylation, forming an oligosaccharide primer that serves as a substrate for glycogen synthase. It also plays a role in glycogen metabolism regulation
  • expressed mostly in muscles
GYG2GeneProductENSG00000056998 (Ensembl) expressed mainly in liver, cardiac muscle and other types of tissue, but not in skeletal muscle.
GYS1GeneProductENSG00000104812 (Ensembl)
  • catalyzes the rate-limiting step in glycogen synthesis in the liver and in skeletal muscle: the transfer of glucose monomers from UDP-glucose to the terminal branch of the growing glycogen chain via the formation of α(1→4) glycosidic bonds
  • GYS1: specific to skeletal muscle
GYS2GeneProductENSG00000111713 (Ensembl) GYS2: specific to liver
GalactitolMetaboliteHMDB0000107 (HMDB)
Galactose-1-phosphateMetaboliteCHEBI:17973 (ChEBI)
GalactoseMetaboliteCHEBI:28260 (ChEBI)
Glucose-1-phosphateMetaboliteCHEBI:16077 (ChEBI)
Glucose-6-phosphateMetaboliteHMDB0001401 (HMDB) search for glucose 6-phosphate
Glycogen (n+1)Metabolite9005-79-2 (CAS)
Glycogen synthesis and degradationPathwayWP500 (WikiPathways)
GlycogenMetaboliteCHEBI:28087 (ChEBI)
PGM1GeneProductENSG00000079739 (Ensembl)
PYGLGeneProductENSG00000100504 (Ensembl)
SLC2A2GeneProductENSG00000163581 (Ensembl)
SLC5A1GeneProductENSG00000100170 (Ensembl)
UDP-galactoseMetaboliteCHEBI:67119 (ChEBI)
UDP-glucoseMetaboliteCHEBI:18066 (ChEBI)
galactose dehydrogenaseProtein1.1.1.48 (Enzyme Nomenclature) "This enzyme is part of the De Ley-Doudoroff pathway, which is used by some bacteria during growth on D-galactose." Source: [https://enzyme.expasy.org/EC/1.1.1.48]

Annotated Interactions

View all...
SourceTargetTypeDatabase referenceComment
Galactose-1-phosphateGlucose-1-phosphatemim-conversion13990 (Rhea)
GalactoseD-galactonatemim-conversionQ22281942 (Wikidata)
GalactoseGalactitolmim-conversion37965 (Rhea)
GalactoseGalactose-1-phosphatemim-conversion13554 (Rhea)
Glucose-1-phosphatemim-conversion23536 (Rhea)
Glucose-6-phosphatemim-conversion23536 (Rhea)
Glycogen (n+1)Glycogenmim-conversionR-HSA-3322016.3 (Reactome)
GlycogenGlucose-1-phosphatemim-conversion41732 (Rhea)
UDP-galactosemim-conversion22170 (Rhea)
UDP-glucoseGlycogen (n+1)mim-conversion18550 (Rhea)
UDP-glucosemim-conversion19892 (Rhea)
UDP-glucosemim-conversion22169 (Rhea)
Retrieved from "https://classic.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP5173"
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