In the G1 phase there are two types of DNA damage responses, the p53-dependent and the p53-independent pathways. The p53-dependent responses inhibit CDKs through the up-regulation of genes encoding CKIs mediated by the p53 protein, whereas the p53-independent mechanisms inhibit CDKs through the inhibitory T14Y15 phosphorylation of Cdk2. Failure of DNA damage checkpoints in G1 leads to mutagenic replication of damaged templates and other replication defects. Source: Reactome
Protein phosphorylation sites were added based on information from PhosphoSitePlus (R), www.phosphosite.org.
Proteins on this pathway have targeted assays available via the CPTAC Assay Portal
Maeda T, Hanna AN, Sim AB, Chua PP, Chong MT, Tron VA; ''GADD45 regulates G2/M arrest, DNA repair, and cell death in keratinocytes following ultraviolet exposure.''; J Invest Dermatol, 2002 PubMedEurope PMCScholia