Synthesis of acylcarnitines (Homo sapiens)

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Pathways connecting acylcarnitines important for biological interpretation. Literature review at https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv-2023-h7b6m

This pathway was designed to facilitate data interpretation and better orientation in various acylcarnitines' metabolic origins. The map is divided into three sections: straight-chain fatty acids, branched-chain lipids, and odd-chain fatty acids. The straight-chain fatty acid part describes the intermediates of β-oxidation from stearic acid to acetyl-CoA, intermediates of oleic acid, linoleic acid, α- and γ-linolenic acids, palmitoleic acid, docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid complete degradation leading to acetyl-CoA, ω- and β-oxidation of dicarboxylic fatty acids, and partial β-oxidation of eicosanoids and docosanoids illustrated by prostaglandin E2 path. The branched-chain lipids part includes α- and β-oxidation of phytanic and pristanic acids and degradation of branched-chain fatty acids of the iso and anteiso series leading to intermediates of branched-chain amino acid degradation. Amino acid-related metabolism, including ketogenesis and biotin synthesis, is included to cover all metabolic origins of short-chain acylcarnitines and branched acyl side chains of cholestanoic acids are β-oxidized in the pathway of bile acid synthesis. Degradation of branched-acyls leads to the production of both acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA and their respective acylcarnitines. The odd-chain fatty acids part illustrates the metabolic fate of pentadecanoic acid via β-oxidation, leading to six molecules of acetyl-CoA and one propionyl-CoA and their acylcarnitine counterparts. All metabolites are annotated using shorthand notation for lipid structures, common names, and the most appropriate database identifiers from LIPID MAPS or the Human metabolome database.

 

Lipid shorthand nomenclature according to Liebisch et al. (ref 1) and Goslin (Kopczynski et al. (ref 2)