G alpha (i) signaling events (Homo sapiens)

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3, 2613, 31, 372, 22, 367, 412, 22, 362, 22, 36251123, 25, 30, 362018cytosol5HT FPR3 ligands PPBP(35-128) RLN3(26-52) GNGT2 CXCL11 ADR, NAd OPN1SW Quassin GRM8 G-protein beta:gammasignallingCCL4, (CCL4L1) CXCL10(22-98) TAS2R46 NPY5R GNG12 CXCL10(22-98) C3a S1PR3 Ethylpyrazine HCAR1 Coumarin PGE2 Sweet taste compounds INSL5(23-48) GRM3 Suc ASP ADCY1 Ethylpyrazine GPER NPY1R Phenethyl isothiocyanate GTP APLN(50-77) TAS2R41 TAS2R16 Brucine GNG8 TAS2R16 GNG5 RGS6 GNG13 PNOC(130-146) GALR1 RXFP3 TAS1R3 PYY(29-64) TAS2R31 HCAR1 GABA CORT(89-105) Quassin RXFP4 Quinine GPR17 CCL27 APP(672-713) ADCY5 MT-RNR2 GNG13 GNAI1 CCL28 GALR1-3 Colchicine GNB1 Cnicin GNB1 PNOC(130-146) Alpha-thujone CXCR5 RLN3(26-52) OPN5 GABBR2 HEBP1(1-21) GNAT1 GNG11 GPSM2 HTR1A GNG4 CORT(89-105) PSAP(?-?) Alpha-thujone Noscapine CXCL9 GNB1 CX3CL1 P2RY4 Falcarindiol GNB2 GNB4 CXCL5(37-114) Grosshemin SACC TAS2Rs OXER1 TAS2R1 CCL21 Mg2+ CCL16 ADORA3 Helicin CCL4(24-92) SSTR3 PSAP(326-340) Ade-Rib MLT Cascarillin INSL5(23-48) Artemorin TAS2R4 CCR4 CCR6 Helicin RGS5 RLN3(119-142) GNB2 DRD2 CXCR1 Aloin GNAT1 CXCL16 Andrographolide GNG5 GPR55 L-Glu GNAT1 Erythromycin PTGER3 POMC(237-241) TAS2R19 RHO AGTR2 OXER1 C5a GNB4 PTGDR2 Somatostatin, cortistatin GNAI3 PENK(100-104) GRM7 LTE4 GNAT3 5HT GNB3 TAS2R5 C3a S1PR4 Ligand:GPCRcomplexes thatactivateGi:HeterotrimericG-protein Gi(active)RLN3(26-52) POMC(237-267) CXCL2(35-107) MCHR2 CXCR3 FMLP Cnicin NMS GRM6 UTP NPW(33-55) Colchicine NCA GNG10 CXCL13 NPW(33-62) ADCY2 GAL CXCR2 C5a PPiFPR2 GNB2 MTNR1A FMLP HTR1A,B,D,E,F,HTR5A Neuropeptide Y receptors FPR1 RLN3(119-142) ADCY7 SSTR2 CXCL2(35-107) CCL13 3-hydroxybutyric acid FPR1 P2RY14 NPY(29-64) PENK(107-111) RGS8 APLN(47-77) Cannabinoid receptors CCL4L1 CCL27,28 GNG7 GRM6 TAS2R20 CCL5(24-91) TAS2R3 GPR183 GABBR1 CCL23-2 GNAI2 Papaverine DA CXCL12(22-93) PNOC(130-146) TAS2R42 GNAT2 NMU GTP TAS2R10 DRD4 RGS16 FMLP AGT(34-41) POMC(237-241) LTD4 UDP-Glc PPY(30-65) HTR1D CCL27 Dynorphins Suc ASP APLNR P2RY4 CHRM4 NPY1R ADCY3 CXCL10(22-98) LPAR3 D-Trp CXCR3 NPY5R RXFP4 CCL5(24-91) ADP G-protein alpha(i):GDP5-oxoETE OPN1LW P2RY4 HCAR2 Limonin AGT(34-41) CCL13 TAS2R60 RGS7 GNG7 PSAP(326-340) CCR7 Sinigrin GNAT3 HTR1A MTNR1A GNB1 CXCL9 Thiamine Somatostatin receptors RGS14 Photon FPR2 ligands HTR1F S1PR2 S1PR1 GNG3 CXCL13 RXFP3 Papaverine NPY2R GTP FMLP CCR2 BDKRB2 ADCY3 RGS20 Bradykinin APLN(50-77) Andrographolide MTNR1A Cucurbitacin E ADORA1 GABBR2 GTP GNB5 GNG7 Dynorphins OXER1 ADORA1 Opioid receptors TAS2R5 MCHR1 SUCNR1 5HT Parthenolide OPRD1 CCR2,CCR3 MT-RNR2 P2RY12 MLT Strychnine ADORA3 TAS1R2 TAS2R8 PSAP(326-340) TAS2R46 GNG8 NAd CCR5 GNAI3 Mg2+ Amarogentin TAS2R19 HCAR1 TAS2R40 S1PR4 Ca2+ FPR3 INSL5(23-48) C5AR1 OPN3 GALR3 TAS1R2 ADCY4 GRM3 GPER AEA GNAI3 OPRK1 GNG3 GNAI2 NPB(25-48) Quinine RGR GPR183 Cucurbitacin B PiGNAT2 GNB3 P2RY13 3-hydroxybutyric acid GPR18 LPA GNG8 GNAZ TAS2R50 GNB5 C3AR1 CXCR2 7alpha,25-dihydroxycholesterol GALR2 TAS2R40 RGS proteins activefor G alpha (i)RGS11 TAS2R50 PENK(210-214) FPR2 HCAR2 GNG11 PPYR1 GNG10 GNG2 AcCho S1PR1 NCA SUCCA CXCR4 NAGLY GNGT2 cAMPCXCR3 cis-isohumulone CCL4L1 CCR9 PMCH(147-165) RGS10 AITC Artemorin 5-oxoETE Falcarindiol GNAT2 CXCL1(35-107) MCHR1 Andrographolide CXCR1 ADCY6 GRM7 DRD3 TAS2R43 MCHR2 TAS1R3 TAS2R38 Arglabin RHO OPN5 GNG2 SSTR4 GNG8 TAS2R9 GNG10 GNB3 TAS2R4 NAGLY GAL GNG7 GABBR1 Aloin TAS2R13 Neuropeptides B/W receptors PTGDR2 GDP Arglabin TAS2R4 CCL20(27-96) PPBP(35-128) PPYR1 GNG2 OPRM1 AGTR2 Cucurbitacin B Arborescin S1P POMC(237-267) MCHR1 ADP CHRM4 G-alpha(t)-GDP:G-beta-gammaHist CX3CR1 Neuropeptides B/W ADORA1 SSTR3 CASR Picrotoxinin P2RY14 FPR1 APLN(65-77) PENK(230-234) NPW(33-55) 2AG ADCY9 HRH3 NMUR1,NMUR2 Ca2+ S1PR2 TAS2R30 Salicin GNAI1 GNG2 NMUR1 NMU LTC4 GALR3 G-alpha(t):GTP:G-beta-gamma:OpsinsCamphor LPAR1,2,3,5 2OG ADCY5 ADRA2C Amygdalin PGE2 GNB2 PTGER3 ADCY6 MTNR1B TAS2R13 PGD2 SAA1(19-122) NMU Chloramphenicol HTR1B CASR OPRK1 CCR1,2,8 GPR37 GNB4 APP(672-713) CX3CL1 HTR1F LXA4 NMUR1 CCR10 C3AR1 GNB1 ADCY4 UTP GNB5 ESTG 2OG PSAP fragments PSAP(?-?) RRH ADCY9 INSL5(115-135) RXFP4 ligands GNG12 LACT CXCL11 PENK(107-111) GNG11 Quassin TAS2R40 NPB(25-48) CNR2 HRH4 PYY(29-64) TAS2R20 GNG7 ADCY7 HCAR2 GPR37 APLN(42-77) P2RY13 RGS12 RGS21 HTR1A CCL1 PF4(48-101) HTR1B Cascarillin CXCL1(35-107) CXCR1 ligands ADRA2C CNR1 PTGER3 GNG3 TAS1R2 ADCY4 LPAR5 HRH4 Amarogentin DRD2,3,4 NAd G-protein beta-gammacomplexTAS2R14 NPY5R CCR1 TAS2R7 ADCY8 APLNR GPR17 APLN(42-77) GTP CCL1 CASR TAS2R9 GNB2 Chloramphenicol GNG11 ADCY2 GNB5 CXCL1(35-107) AcCho Arbutin GNG10 LPAR5 S1PR1 PGD2 PPBP(35-128) GNG10 Arborescin L-Glu GRM8 GNG4 HTR1D GNG4 CXCR6 TAS2R14 LTD4 GNB3 Salicin RXFP3 Ade-Rib NPBWR1 Grosshemin Yohimbine GNB1 DRD2 CCL13 CCR8 Helicin AITC G-protein alpha(i):GTP:AdenylatecyclaseTAS2R43 APLN(42-77) CX3CR1 NPW(33-62) RGS4 12(S)-HETE NPBWR1 Aristolochic acid TAS2R60 MLT GNG10 SSTR3 CCR3 GPR37L1 NPB(25-48) G-alpha(t):GDP:G-beta-gamma:OpsinsGPR183 NMS GALR1 GPR55 GNB5 CCR6 RLN3(119-142) LPAR2 GNB4 CXCL3(35-107) NPY(29-64) LACT TAS2R30 CASR CCR3 CCR3 CCL20(27-96) CXCR6 HRH3,4 LPA RGS19 GPR17 PPYR1 GPSM1, GPSM3,(GPSM2,PCP2)Tatridin B D-Trp RGR CCR7 OPN1SW CXCL6(38-114) DA GNG5 NPBWR2 AEA ADRA2A S1P TAS2R16 Arbutin HRH4 GTPGNAT2 OXGR1 HCAR1 Ca2+ HRH3 TAS1R1 GNG5 GNGT2 AcCho ADCY5 GNAT3 RXFP4 PTGDR2 GNG13 Hist 2OG GNAS1 CCL4(24-92) CNR1 LPA GAL GALR3 GPR17 TAS2R39 CXCL6(38-114) Sinigrin DA TAS2R60 CCR8 GPER HCAR3 Quinine NPB(25-53) FPR3 GRM2 RGR GPR37L1 CCL28 PF4(48-101) C5AR1 GDP CCR10 NMUR2 CCR1 Crispolide GNG2 P2RY14 PENK(100-104) ANXA1 TAS2R41 Limonin APLNR ADCY1 CXCR2 12(S)-HETE ADCY9 FPR3 MTNR1B GTP Aristolochic acid Camphor NMU CCR9 P2RY14 SSTR5 CXCR5 CCR7 GNGT1 LACT LTC4 CCL25 GNG5 Alpha-thujone ADCY5 TAS1R2 CNR2 GABA ADCY1 TAS2R9 GNB3 2AG GNAI1 BDKRB1 3-hydroxybutyric acid PENK(210-214) CX3CL1 Thiamine CXCL13 ADR TAS2R20 GNAI1 CCR7 RGS18 SACC AcCho 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid Phenethyl isothiocyanate C5a GRM4 PTGER3 ESTG D-Trp LPAR1 AGT(34-41) LTE4 RGSL1 DRD4 Limonin 2OG APLN(47-77) HTR1F CXCR1 CXCL11 ANXA1 CCL21 ADR CHRM4 SSTR1 TAS1R3 UTP GNGT2 FPR1 GDP CCR8 TAS2R10 LPAR3 TAS2R43 GAL Noscapine Yohimbine 12(S)-HETE CCR5, CCR1 LTC4 GABBR2 TAS2R30 G-alpha(t)-GTPCCL25 GPCRs that activateGiADRA2A CCL16 AEA GPR31 NPY(29-64) GPR55 SSTR4 NMUR2 GNG3 Ade-Rib Brucine GNG13 GNAI2 TAS2R46 MCHR2 7alpha,25-dihydroxycholesterol NMS TAS1R1 GNG2 OPRK1 HTR1D ADRA2B NAGLY TAS1R3 GPR37 TAS2R38 ADR ADCY1 GNG2 HCAR2 ligands Caffeine S1PR2 BDKRB1 G alpha(s):GTP:AdenylatecyclaseGRM7 LPAR2 GRM6 Erythromycin ATPCCR1 HTR1E HEBP1(1-21) GNB5 Somatostatin Adenylate cyclase(Mg2+ cofactor)ADCY4 GNAT3 GNGT1 CXCR5 RXFP3 POMC(237-267) PPY(30-65) CCR8 GNG7 Sinigrin TAS2R8 OPRL1 CCR2 CXCR2 ligands RXFP4 LPAR1 CCR5 ANXA1 GNGT2 PYY(29-64) GNGT1 RGS13 GNG5 OXGR1 TAS2R42 CCR4 TAS2R39 Opsins:photoncis-isohumulone HTR5A LXA4 PCP2 LXA4 GRM2 CXCR3 ligands GNG4 NPB(25-53) CX3CL1 ADCY2 CCL19 PGE2 Colchicine TAS2R5 DA UDP-Glc GALR2 SSTR1 SAA1(19-122) RLN3(119-142) CCR4 MT-RNR2 GPSM3 Yohimbine Melatonin receptors PTGDR2 PENK(230-234) Falcarindiol CXCR5 Amygdalin Dynorphins Cysteinyl leukotrienes CHRM2 GPR18 P2RY13 Papaverine UDP-Glc POMC(237-241) GNB2 Picrotoxinin L-Glu GNG10 NPB(25-53) GPER Ethylpyrazine OPRL1 GNGT2 GPR37L1 Hist DRD3 CXCL16 TAS2R31 OPN1LW GNAS2 S1PR5 TAS2R45 Cnicin Photon UDP-Glc CXCR1 GNG13 CXCL5(37-114) HTR1B 2AG GPR37 Tatridin B GNG12 GNAI2 CCR6 OPRD1 PENK(136-140) Noscapine GNAT3 CXCL12(22-93) CCL19,21 Absynthin CXCR7 GABBR1 AITC P2RY12 Ca2+ Aloin C3AR1 PENK(230-234) CCL13 Ligands of GPCRsthat activate Gi5-oxoETE HTR1E Cucurbitacin B PENK(210-214) GNG5 PGE2 GABA Amarogentin IL8 Mg2+ ADCY8 TAS2R39 HCAR3 NPBWR2 GNGT1 GNG12 Mg2+ CXCL3(35-107) SUCNR1 CXCL12(22-93) Coumarin NPY receptor ligands 7alpha,25-dihydroxycholesterol PENK(136-140) 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid GNAI1 Apelin peptides Thiamine ADCY8 RGS1 OPN5 PMCH(147-165) Bradykinin receptor CXCL6(38-114) 5HT GNB4 GNGT1 Brucine GNG8 FPR2 L-Glu CCR2 SUCNR1 LTE4 GNG3 GABA Ade-Rib TAS2R50 SUCCA Phenethyl isothiocyanate Cucurbitacin E P2RY12 Somatostatin INSL5(115-135) ADCY6 LPA GALR1 ADRA2B G-protein alpha(z):GTP:AdenylatecyclaseTAS1R1 CCL19 OPN1MW DRD3 CXCL5(37-114) NPY2R PMCH(147-165) RHO 2AG CCR10 CCL5(24-91) TAS2R45 ADP CCL20(27-96) OPRL1 GDP CXCL13 CCR9 CCL19 PMCH(147-165) PPY(30-65) RGS9 S1PR5 TAS2R1 Absynthin CNR1 MTNR1B CNR2 12(S)-HETE OPN1LW LPAR2 GABBR1 CXCR6 BDKRB2 APLN(65-77) LPAR1 HEBP1(1-21) FPR2 PENK(107-111) CXCR7 GDPMCHR1,MCHR2 TAS2R14 GPR18 NAd IL8 ADRA2C GNG12 GPR18 TAS2R41 NPW(33-55) OPRM1 ADRA2A 5-oxoETE CXCR2 Chloramphenicol CX3CR1 CXCL16 ADCY3 Grosshemin Strychnine NMUR2 GNAI3 SAA1(19-122) Strychnine CXCR4 cis-isohumulone MLT GRM8 GPR31 Photon Suc HTR1E TAS2R45 GDP GNAT1 CCL21 ADORA3 P2RY4 HCAR3 ligands Artemorin Erythromycin NAGLY GNG11 APLNR OPN3 VisualphototransductionTAS2R3 Arborescin RLN3(26-52) Somatostatin GNAI3 CCL23-2 RRH CCL23-2 GNG3 PSAP(?-?) SSTR4 Camphor NPBWR2 C3a S1PR3 Opioid SignallingCCR9 CXCL16 CHRM2 GNAI2 CHRM2 GNG4 FPR3 GNG7 PENK(136-140) TAS2R13 GNB4 NMUR2 CCL16 SSTR5 P2RY13 NCA CXCL2(35-107) Hist CXCR4,7 ADORA1,3 CCL25 GNG13 Ligand:GPCRcomplexes thatactivateGi:HeterotrimericG-protein Gi(inactive)OXER1 CXCR4 PGD2 NPW(33-62) LPAR5 ADCY7 TAS2R7 Parthenolide OPN1MW GRM2 Bradykinin GNG13 NPY1R Ligand:GPCRcomplexes thatactivate GiBDKRB2 GNB4 CXCR6 TAS2R7 HRH3 APLN(47-77) HCAR3 GNAI2 APLN(65-77) PNOC(130-146) ADRA2A-C ADCY9 Salicin LTD4 GNG8 SUCCA CX3CR1 TAS2R1 TAS2R42 CXCR7 Amygdalin GDPGNAI1 SACC GNB1 GNGT1 CHRM2,CHRM4 GNG4 S1PR5 CCL1 HCAR2 GPR183 ESTG Cascarillin GTP Bradykinin CCL25 CXCL9 SSTR5 NMUR1 Cucurbitacin E C5a TAS2R31 Crispolide NMS 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid Caffeine GNGT1 TAS2R38 Coumarin S1PR1-5 OPRL1 GPR31 TAS2R10 GNB3 AGTR2 Bitter-tasting compounds 7alpha,25-dihydroxycholesterol CCL1 GNG4 HTR5A CCR3,4,5 GTPSSTR2 CCL4(24-92) RRH CXCL3(35-107) TAS2R8 S1PR3 GNGT2 GNAI3 Bradykinin HeterotrimericG-protein Gi(inactive)TAS1R1 OPN1SW PGD2 G alpha (i): GTPGALR2 APP(672-713) AGT(34-41) Absynthin OXGR1 Aristolochic acid HCAR3 C5AR1 AGTR2 GABBR2 UTP CCR6 GPSM1 APLN(50-77) OPN3 CCL5(24-91) Crispolide C5AR1 NPY2R Arbutin OPN1MW S1P GNB5 Parthenolide Opioid ligands C3a GRM4 DRD2 CCL4L1 GNAT3 CXCL12(22-93) RGS22 SSTR2 GNB2 GNG12 C3AR1 GPR31 CCR10 CORT(89-105) Picrotoxinin Caffeine GNG8 CXCR3 PF4(48-101) ADCY2 GNB3 GRM3 S1PR4 IL8 CCL28 Tatridin B ADP CCL20(27-96) TAS2R3 P2RY12 Arglabin GRM4 TAS2R19 ADCY8 LPAR3 INSL5(115-135) DRD4 GNG11 ADCY6 SUCNR1 GPR37L1 S1P BDKRB1 CCL16 OPRM1 PENK(100-104) ADRA2B ADCY7 SUCCA CCR5 LACT CCL27 SSTR1 ASP ESTG OXGR1 HTR5A ADCY3 GNG11 OPRD1 GRM2,GRM3,GRM4,GRM6,GRM7,GRM8 NPBWR1 GNG12 GNG3 51, 4, 12, 15, 16, 21...6, 388-10, 14, 17...29, 32, 34


Description

The classical signalling mechanism for G alpha (i) is inhibition of the cAMP dependent pathway through inhibition of adenylate cyclase (Dessauer C W et al. 2002). Decreased production of cAMP from ATP results in decreased activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinases. Other functions of G alpha (i) includes activation of the protein tyrosine kinase c-Src (Ma Y C et al. 2000). Regulator of G-protein Signalling (RGS) proteins can regulate the activity of G alpha (i) (Soundararajan et al. 2008). View original pathway at:Reactome.

Comments

Reactome-Converter 
Pathway is converted from Reactome ID: 418594
Reactome-version 
Reactome version: 65
Reactome Author 
Reactome Author: Jupe, Steve

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Bibliography

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History

View all...
CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
116410view09:05, 7 May 2021EweitzModified title
113220view11:28, 2 November 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 74
101714view14:52, 1 November 2018DeSlOntology Term : 'G protein mediated signaling pathway' added !
101349view11:23, 1 November 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 66
100887view20:57, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 65
100428view19:31, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 64
100272view16:57, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

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NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
12(S)-HETE MetaboliteCHEBI:34146 (ChEBI)
2AG MetaboliteCHEBI:52392 (ChEBI)
2OG MetaboliteCHEBI:30915 (ChEBI)
3-hydroxybutyric acid MetaboliteCHEBI:20067 (ChEBI)
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid MetaboliteCHEBI:37098 (ChEBI)
5-oxoETE MetaboliteCHEBI:52449 (ChEBI)
5HT MetaboliteCHEBI:28790 (ChEBI)
7alpha,25-dihydroxycholesterol MetaboliteCHEBI:37623 (ChEBI)
ADCY1 ProteinQ08828 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ADCY2 ProteinQ08462 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ADCY3 ProteinO60266 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ADCY4 ProteinQ8NFM4 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ADCY5 ProteinO95622 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ADCY6 ProteinO43306 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ADCY7 ProteinP51828 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ADCY8 ProteinP40145 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ADCY9 ProteinO60503 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ADORA1 ProteinP30542 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ADORA1,3 R-HSA-418922 (Reactome)
ADORA3 ProteinP0DMS8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ADP MetaboliteCHEBI:16761 (ChEBI)
ADR MetaboliteCHEBI:28918 (ChEBI)
ADR, NAd R-ALL-390627 (Reactome)
ADRA2A ProteinP08913 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ADRA2A-C R-HSA-390664 (Reactome)
ADRA2B ProteinP18089 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ADRA2C ProteinP18825 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
AEA MetaboliteCHEBI:2700 (ChEBI)
AGT(34-41) ProteinP01019 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
AGTR2 ProteinP50052 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
AITC MetaboliteCHEBI:73224 (ChEBI)
ANXA1 ProteinP04083 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
APLN(42-77) ProteinQ9ULZ1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
APLN(47-77) ProteinQ9ULZ1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
APLN(50-77) ProteinQ9ULZ1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
APLN(65-77) ProteinQ9ULZ1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
APLNR ProteinP35414 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
APP(672-713) ProteinP05067 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ASP MetaboliteCHEBI:2877 (ChEBI)
ATPMetaboliteCHEBI:15422 (ChEBI)
Absynthin MetaboliteCHEBI:2366 (ChEBI)
AcCho MetaboliteCHEBI:15355 (ChEBI)
Ade-Rib MetaboliteCHEBI:16335 (ChEBI)
Adenylate cyclase (Mg2+ cofactor)ComplexR-HSA-170665 (Reactome)
Aloin MetaboliteCHEBI:73222 (ChEBI)
Alpha-thujone MetaboliteCHEBI:50042 (ChEBI)
Amarogentin MetaboliteCHEBI:2622 (ChEBI)
Amygdalin MetaboliteCHEBI:27613 (ChEBI)
Andrographolide MetaboliteCHEBI:65408 (ChEBI)
Apelin peptides R-HSA-374317 (Reactome)
Arborescin MetaboliteCHEBI:73226 (ChEBI)
Arbutin MetaboliteCHEBI:18305 (ChEBI)
Arglabin MetaboliteCHEBI:73228 (ChEBI)
Aristolochic acid MetaboliteCHEBI:2825 (ChEBI)
Artemorin MetaboliteCHEBI:2853 (ChEBI)
BDKRB1 ProteinP46663 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
BDKRB2 ProteinP30411 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Bitter-tasting compounds R-ALL-3296423 (Reactome)
Bradykinin ProteinP01042 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Bradykinin receptor R-HSA-374323 (Reactome)
Brucine MetaboliteCHEBI:3193 (ChEBI)
C3AR1 ProteinQ16581 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
C3a ProteinP01024 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
C5AR1 ProteinP21730 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
C5a ProteinP01031 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CASR ProteinP41180 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCL1 ProteinP22362 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCL13 ProteinQ99616 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCL16 ProteinO15467 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCL19 ProteinQ99731 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCL19,21 R-HSA-373283 (Reactome)
CCL20(27-96) ProteinP78556 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCL21 ProteinO00585 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCL23-2 ProteinP55773-2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCL25 ProteinO15444 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCL27 ProteinQ9Y4X3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCL27,28 R-HSA-373322 (Reactome)
CCL28 ProteinQ9NRJ3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCL4(24-92) ProteinP13236 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCL4, (CCL4L1) R-HSA-8865350 (Reactome)
CCL4L1 ProteinQ8NHW4 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCL5(24-91) ProteinP13501 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCR1 ProteinP32246 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCR1,2,8 R-HSA-373229 (Reactome)
CCR10 ProteinP46092 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCR2 ProteinP41597 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCR2,CCR3 R-HSA-8862730 (Reactome)
CCR3 ProteinP51677 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCR3,4,5 R-HSA-373259 (Reactome)
CCR4 ProteinP51679 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCR5 ProteinP51681 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCR5, CCR1 R-HSA-8865388 (Reactome)
CCR6 ProteinP51684 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCR7 ProteinP32248 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCR8 ProteinP51685 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCR9 ProteinP51686 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CHRM2 ProteinP08172 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CHRM2,CHRM4 R-HSA-390686 (Reactome)
CHRM4 ProteinP08173 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CNR1 ProteinP21554 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CNR2 ProteinP34972 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CORT(89-105) ProteinO00230 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CX3CL1 ProteinP78423 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CX3CR1 ProteinP49238 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCL1(35-107) ProteinP09341 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCL10(22-98) ProteinP02778 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCL11 ProteinO14625 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCL12(22-93) ProteinP48061 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCL13 ProteinO43927 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCL16 ProteinQ9H2A7 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCL2(35-107) ProteinP19875 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCL3(35-107) ProteinP19876 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCL5(37-114) ProteinP42830 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCL6(38-114) ProteinP80162 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCL9 ProteinQ07325 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCR1 ProteinP25024 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCR1 ligands R-HSA-373823 (Reactome)
CXCR2 ProteinP25025 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCR2 ligands R-HSA-373814 (Reactome)
CXCR3 ProteinP49682 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCR3 ligands R-HSA-374233 (Reactome)
CXCR4 ProteinP61073 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCR4,7 R-HSA-374120 (Reactome)
CXCR5 ProteinP32302 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCR6 ProteinO00574 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCR7 ProteinP25106 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Ca2+ MetaboliteCHEBI:29108 (ChEBI)
Caffeine MetaboliteCHEBI:27732 (ChEBI)
Camphor MetaboliteCHEBI:36773 (ChEBI)
Cannabinoid receptors R-HSA-419398 (Reactome)
Cascarillin MetaboliteCHEBI:3445 (ChEBI)
Chloramphenicol MetaboliteCHEBI:17698 (ChEBI)
Cnicin MetaboliteCHEBI:3768 (ChEBI)
Colchicine MetaboliteCHEBI:23359 (ChEBI)
Coumarin MetaboliteCHEBI:28794 (ChEBI)
Crispolide MetaboliteCHEBI:73231 (ChEBI)
Cucurbitacin B MetaboliteCHEBI:3941 (ChEBI)
Cucurbitacin E MetaboliteCHEBI:3944 (ChEBI)
Cysteinyl leukotrienes R-ALL-416372 (Reactome)
D-Trp MetaboliteCHEBI:16296 (ChEBI)
DA MetaboliteCHEBI:18243 (ChEBI)
DRD2 ProteinP14416 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
DRD2,3,4 R-HSA-390818 (Reactome)
DRD3 ProteinP35462 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
DRD4 ProteinP21917 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Dynorphins R-HSA-374372 (Reactome)
ESTG MetaboliteCHEBI:50114 (ChEBI)
Erythromycin MetaboliteCHEBI:48923 (ChEBI)
Ethylpyrazine MetaboliteCHEBI:73232 (ChEBI)
FMLP MetaboliteCHEBI:53490 (ChEBI)
FPR1 ProteinP21462 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
FPR2 ProteinP25090 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
FPR2 ligands R-HSA-444472 (Reactome)
FPR3 ProteinP25089 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
FPR3 ligands R-HSA-444545 (Reactome)
Falcarindiol MetaboliteCHEBI:69236 (ChEBI)
G alpha

(s):GTP:Adenylate

cyclase
ComplexR-HSA-163622 (Reactome)
G alpha (i): GTPComplexR-HSA-392161 (Reactome)
G-alpha(t)-GDP:G-beta-gammaComplexR-HSA-420877 (Reactome)
G-alpha(t)-GTPComplexR-HSA-420891 (Reactome)
G-alpha(t):GDP:G-beta-gamma:OpsinsComplexR-HSA-8982635 (Reactome)
G-alpha(t):GTP:G-beta-gamma:OpsinsComplexR-HSA-8982649 (Reactome)
G-protein alpha (i):GDPComplexR-HSA-392164 (Reactome)
G-protein alpha

(i):GTP:Adenylate

cyclase
ComplexR-HSA-396910 (Reactome)
G-protein alpha

(z):GTP:Adenylate

cyclase
ComplexR-HSA-392049 (Reactome)
G-protein beta-gamma complexComplexR-HSA-167434 (Reactome)
G-protein beta:gamma signallingPathwayR-HSA-397795 (Reactome) The classical role of the G-protein beta/gamma dimer was believed to be the inactivation of the alpha subunit, Gbeta/gamma was viewed as a negative regulator of Galpha signalling. It is now known that Gbeta/gamma subunits can directly modulate many effectors, including some also regulated by G alpha.
GABA MetaboliteCHEBI:59888 (ChEBI)
GABBR1 ProteinQ9UBS5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GABBR2 ProteinO75899 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GAL ProteinP22466 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GALR1 ProteinP47211 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GALR1-3 R-HSA-389011 (Reactome)
GALR2 ProteinO43603 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GALR3 ProteinO60755 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GDP MetaboliteCHEBI:17552 (ChEBI)
GDPMetaboliteCHEBI:17552 (ChEBI)
GNAI1 ProteinP63096 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNAI2 ProteinP04899 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNAI3 ProteinP08754 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNAS1 ProteinQ5JWF2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNAS2 ProteinP63092 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNAT1 ProteinP11488 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNAT2 ProteinP19087 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNAT3 ProteinA8MTJ3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNAZ ProteinP19086 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNB1 ProteinP62873 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNB2 ProteinP62879 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNB3 ProteinP16520 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNB4 ProteinQ9HAV0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNB5 ProteinO14775 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNG10 ProteinP50151 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNG11 ProteinP61952 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNG12 ProteinQ9UBI6 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNG13 ProteinQ9P2W3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNG2 ProteinP59768 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNG3 ProteinP63215 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNG4 ProteinP50150 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNG5 ProteinP63218 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNG7 ProteinO60262 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNG8 ProteinQ9UK08 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNGT1 ProteinP63211 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNGT2 ProteinO14610 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GPCRs that activate GiComplexR-HSA-790904 (Reactome)
GPER ProteinQ99527 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GPR17 ProteinQ13304 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GPR18 ProteinQ14330 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GPR183 ProteinP32249 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) GPR183 (originally called EBI2) binds the oxysterol 7alpha,25-dihydroxycholesterol (7a,25-OHC) (Hannedouche et al. 2011, Liu et al. 2011). GPR183 is believed to played a key role in regulating B cell migration and responses (Gatto et al. 2009, Pereira et al. 2009, Yi et al. 2012, Sun & Liu 2015). It signals via Gi (Rosenkilde et al. 2006).
GPR31 ProteinO00270 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GPR37 ProteinO15354 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GPR37L1 ProteinO60883 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GPR55 ProteinQ9Y2T6 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GPSM1 ProteinQ86YR5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GPSM1, GPSM3,(GPSM2, PCP2)ComplexR-HSA-8949487 (Reactome)
GPSM2 ProteinP81274 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GPSM3 ProteinQ9Y4H4 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GRM2 ProteinQ14416 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GRM2,GRM3,GRM4,GRM6,GRM7,GRM8 R-HSA-420517 (Reactome)
GRM3 ProteinQ14832 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GRM4 ProteinQ14833 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GRM6 ProteinO15303 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GRM7 ProteinQ14831 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GRM8 ProteinO00222 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTP MetaboliteCHEBI:15996 (ChEBI)
GTPMetaboliteCHEBI:15996 (ChEBI)
Grosshemin MetaboliteCHEBI:5547 (ChEBI)
HCAR1 ProteinQ9BXC0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HCAR2 ProteinQ8TDS4 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HCAR2 ligands R-ALL-3296262 (Reactome)
HCAR3 ProteinP49019 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HCAR3 ligands R-ALL-3296330 (Reactome)
HEBP1(1-21) ProteinQ9NRV9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HRH3 ProteinQ9Y5N1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HRH3,4 R-HSA-390872 (Reactome)
HRH4 ProteinQ9H3N8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HTR1A ProteinP08908 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HTR1A,B,D,E,F,HTR5A R-HSA-390959 (Reactome)
HTR1B ProteinP28222 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HTR1D ProteinP28221 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HTR1E ProteinP28566 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HTR1F ProteinP30939 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HTR5A ProteinP47898 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Helicin MetaboliteCHEBI:73235 (ChEBI)
Heterotrimeric

G-protein Gi

(inactive)
ComplexR-HSA-392165 (Reactome)
Hist MetaboliteCHEBI:18295 (ChEBI)
IL8 ProteinP10145 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INSL5(115-135) ProteinQ9Y5Q6 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INSL5(23-48) ProteinQ9Y5Q6 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
L-Glu MetaboliteCHEBI:29985 (ChEBI)
LACT MetaboliteCHEBI:422 (ChEBI)
LPA MetaboliteCHEBI:52288 (ChEBI)
LPAR1 ProteinQ92633 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
LPAR1,2,3,5 R-HSA-419369 (Reactome)
LPAR2 ProteinQ9HBW0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
LPAR3 ProteinQ9UBY5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
LPAR5 ProteinQ9H1C0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
LTC4 MetaboliteCHEBI:16978 (ChEBI)
LTD4 MetaboliteCHEBI:28666 (ChEBI)
LTE4 MetaboliteCHEBI:15650 (ChEBI)
LXA4 MetaboliteCHEBI:6498 (ChEBI)
Ligand:GPCR

complexes that activate Gi:Heterotrimeric G-protein Gi

(active)
ComplexR-HSA-749445 (Reactome)
Ligand:GPCR

complexes that activate Gi:Heterotrimeric G-protein Gi

(inactive)
ComplexR-HSA-749455 (Reactome)
Ligand:GPCR

complexes that

activate Gi
ComplexR-HSA-380091 (Reactome)
Ligands of GPCRs that activate GiComplexR-HSA-790906 (Reactome)
Limonin MetaboliteCHEBI:16226 (ChEBI)
MCHR1 ProteinQ99705 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MCHR1,MCHR2 R-HSA-947667 (Reactome)
MCHR2 ProteinQ969V1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MLT MetaboliteCHEBI:16796 (ChEBI)
MT-RNR2 ProteinQ8IVG9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MTNR1A ProteinP48039 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MTNR1B ProteinP49286 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Melatonin receptors R-HSA-419423 (Reactome)
Mg2+ MetaboliteCHEBI:18420 (ChEBI)
NAGLY MetaboliteCHEBI:58961 (ChEBI)
NAd MetaboliteCHEBI:18357 (ChEBI)
NCA MetaboliteCHEBI:15940 (ChEBI)
NMS ProteinQ5H8A3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NMU ProteinP48645 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NMUR1 ProteinQ9HB89 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NMUR1,NMUR2 R-HSA-964805 (Reactome)
NMUR2 ProteinQ9GZQ4 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NPB(25-48) ProteinQ8NG41 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NPB(25-53) ProteinQ8NG41 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NPBWR1 ProteinP48145 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NPBWR2 ProteinP48146 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NPW(33-55) ProteinQ8N729 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NPW(33-62) ProteinQ8N729 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NPY receptor ligands R-HSA-388902 (Reactome)
NPY(29-64) ProteinP01303 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NPY1R ProteinP25929 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NPY2R ProteinP49146 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NPY5R ProteinQ15761 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Neuropeptide Y receptors R-HSA-388858 (Reactome)
Neuropeptides B/W R-HSA-374796 (Reactome)
Neuropeptides B/W receptors R-HSA-374798 (Reactome)
Noscapine MetaboliteCHEBI:73237 (ChEBI)
OPN1LW ProteinP04000 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
OPN1MW ProteinP04001 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
OPN1SW ProteinP03999 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
OPN3 ProteinQ9H1Y3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
OPN5 ProteinQ6U736 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
OPRD1 ProteinP41143 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
OPRK1 ProteinP41145 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
OPRL1 ProteinP41146 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
OPRM1 ProteinP35372 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
OXER1 ProteinQ8TDS5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
OXGR1 ProteinQ96P68 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Opioid SignallingPathwayR-HSA-111885 (Reactome) Opioids are chemical substances similar to opiates, the active substances found in opium (morphine, codeine etc.). Opioid action is mediated by the receptors for endogenous opioids; peptides such as the enkephalins, the endorphins or the dynorphins. Opioids possess powerful analgesic and sedative effects, and are widely used as pain-killers. Their main side-effect is the rapid establishment of a strong addiction. Opioids receptors are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR). There are four classes of receptors: mu (MOR), kappa (KOR) and delta (DOR), and the nociceptin receptor (NOP).
Opioid ligands R-HSA-374370 (Reactome)
Opioid receptors R-HSA-374277 (Reactome)
Opsins:photonComplexR-HSA-419779 (Reactome)
P2RY12 ProteinQ9H244 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
P2RY13 ProteinQ9BPV8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
P2RY14 ProteinQ15391 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
P2RY4 ProteinP51582 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PCP2 ProteinQ8IVA1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PENK(100-104) ProteinP01210 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PENK(107-111) ProteinP01210 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PENK(136-140) ProteinP01210 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PENK(210-214) ProteinP01210 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PENK(230-234) ProteinP01210 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PF4(48-101) ProteinP02776 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PGD2 MetaboliteCHEBI:15555 (ChEBI)
PGE2 MetaboliteCHEBI:15551 (ChEBI)
PMCH(147-165) ProteinP20382 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PNOC(130-146) ProteinQ13519 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POMC(237-241) ProteinP01189 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POMC(237-267) ProteinP01189 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PPBP(35-128) ProteinP02775 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PPY(30-65) ProteinP01298 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PPYR1 ProteinP50391 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PPiMetaboliteCHEBI:29888 (ChEBI)
PSAP fragments R-HSA-5336183 (Reactome) Paper describes 'full-length' prosaposin but methods indicate a 'C-teminal fragment' so the actual fragment represented by this full-length prosaposin is unclear.
PSAP(326-340) ProteinP07602 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) TXLIDNNATEEILY where X is a D-alanine
PSAP(?-?) ProteinP07602 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) TXLIDNNATEEILY where X is a D-alanine
PTGDR2 ProteinQ9Y5Y4 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PTGER3 ProteinP43115 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PYY(29-64) ProteinP10082 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Papaverine MetaboliteCHEBI:28241 (ChEBI)
Parthenolide MetaboliteCHEBI:7939 (ChEBI)
Phenethyl isothiocyanate MetaboliteCHEBI:351346 (ChEBI)
Photon R-ALL-419777 (Reactome)
PiMetaboliteCHEBI:18367 (ChEBI)
Picrotoxinin MetaboliteCHEBI:8206 (ChEBI)
Quassin MetaboliteCHEBI:8692 (ChEBI)
Quinine MetaboliteCHEBI:15854 (ChEBI)
RGR ProteinP47804 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS proteins active for G alpha (i)ComplexR-HSA-921124 (Reactome)
RGS1 ProteinQ08116 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS10 ProteinO43665 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS11 ProteinO94810 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS12 ProteinO14924 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS13 ProteinO14921 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS14 ProteinO43566 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS16 ProteinO15492 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS18 ProteinQ9NS28 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS19 ProteinP49795 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS20 ProteinO76081 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS21 ProteinQ2M5E4 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS22 ProteinQ8NE09 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS4 ProteinP49798 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS5 ProteinO15539 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS6 ProteinP49758 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS7 ProteinP49802 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS8 ProteinP57771 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS9 ProteinO75916 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGSL1 ProteinA5PLK6 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RHO ProteinP08100 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RLN3(119-142) ProteinQ8WXF3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RLN3(26-52) ProteinQ8WXF3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RRH ProteinO14718 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RXFP3 ProteinQ9NSD7 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RXFP4 ProteinQ8TDU9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RXFP4 ligands R-HSA-444889 (Reactome)
S1P MetaboliteCHEBI:37550 (ChEBI)
S1PR1 ProteinP21453 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
S1PR1-5 R-HSA-419401 (Reactome)
S1PR2 ProteinO95136 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
S1PR3 ProteinQ99500 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
S1PR4 ProteinO95977 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
S1PR5 ProteinQ9H228 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SAA1(19-122) ProteinP0DJI8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SACC MetaboliteCHEBI:32111 (ChEBI)
SSTR1 ProteinP30872 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SSTR2 ProteinP30874 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SSTR3 ProteinP32745 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SSTR4 ProteinP31391 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SSTR5 ProteinP35346 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SUCCA MetaboliteCHEBI:15741 (ChEBI)
SUCNR1 ProteinQ9BXA5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Salicin MetaboliteCHEBI:17814 (ChEBI)
Sinigrin MetaboliteCHEBI:9162 (ChEBI)
Somatostatin R-HSA-374714 (Reactome)
Somatostatin receptors R-HSA-374746 (Reactome)
Somatostatin, cortistatin R-HSA-8849391 (Reactome)
Strychnine MetaboliteCHEBI:28973 (ChEBI)
Suc MetaboliteCHEBI:17992 (ChEBI)
Sweet taste compounds R-ALL-444679 (Reactome)
TAS1R1 ProteinQ7RTX1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS1R2 ProteinQ8TE23 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS1R3 ProteinQ7RTX0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R1 ProteinQ9NYW7 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R10 ProteinQ9NYW0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R13 ProteinQ9NYV9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R14 ProteinQ9NYV8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R16 ProteinQ9NYV7 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R19 ProteinP59542 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R20 ProteinP59543 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R3 ProteinQ9NYW6 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R30 ProteinP59541 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R31 ProteinP59538 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R38 ProteinP59533 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R39 ProteinP59534 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R4 ProteinQ9NYW5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R40 ProteinP59535 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R41 ProteinP59536 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R42 ProteinQ7RTR8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R43 ProteinP59537 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R45 ProteinP59539 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R46 ProteinP59540 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R5 ProteinQ9NYW4 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R50 ProteinP59544 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R60 ProteinP59551 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R7 ProteinQ9NYW3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R8 ProteinQ9NYW2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R9 ProteinQ9NYW1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2Rs R-HSA-3299629 (Reactome)
Tatridin B MetaboliteCHEBI:73239 (ChEBI)
Thiamine MetaboliteCHEBI:26948 (ChEBI)
UDP-Glc MetaboliteCHEBI:18066 (ChEBI)
UTP MetaboliteCHEBI:15713 (ChEBI)
Visual phototransductionPathwayR-HSA-2187338 (Reactome) Visual phototransduction is the process by which photon absorption by visual pigment molecules in photoreceptor cells is converted to an electrical cellular response. The events in this process are photochemical, biochemical and electrophysiological and are highly conserved across many species. This process occurs in two types of photoreceptors in the retina, rods and cones. Each type consists of two parts, the outer segment which detects a photon signal and the inner segment which contains the necessary machinery for cell metabolism. Each type of cell functions differently. Rods are very light sensitive but their flash response is slow so they work best in twilight conditions but are not good at detecting objects moving quickly. Cones are less light-sensitive and have a fast flash response so they work best in daylight conditions and are better at detecting fast moving objects than rods.

The visual pigment consists of a chromophore (11-cis-retinal, 11cRAL, A1) covalently attached to a GPCR opsin family member. The linkage is via a Schiff base forming retinylidene protein. Upon photon absorption, 11cRAL isomerises to all-trans retinal (atRAL), changing the conformation of opsin to an activated form which can activate the regulatory G protein transducin (Gt). The alpha subunit of Gt activates phosphodiesterase which hydrolyses cGMP to 5'-GMP. As high level of cGMP keep cGMP-gated sodium channels open, the lowering of cGMP levels closes these channels which causes hyperpolarization of the cell and subsequently, closure of voltage-gated calcium channels. As calcium levels drop, the level of the neurotransmitter glutamate also drops causing depolarization of the cell. This effectively relays the light signal to postsynaptic neurons as electrical signal (Burns & Pugh 2010, Korenbrot 2012, Pugh & Lamb 1993).

11cRAL cannot be synthesised in vertebrates. Vitamin A from many dietary sources is the precursor for 11cRAL. It is taken from food in the form of esters such as retinyl acetate or palmitate or one of four caretenoids (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, gamma-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin). Retinoids are transported from the gut to be stored in liver, until required by target organs such as the eye (Harrison & Hussain 2001, Harrison 2005). In the eye, in the form 11cRAL, it is used in the retinoid (visual) cycle to initiate phototransduction and for visual pigment regeneration to ready the photoreceptor for the next phototransduction event (von Lintig 2012, Blomhoff & Blomhoff 2006, von Lintig et al. 2010, D'Ambrosio et al. 2011, Wang & Kefalov 2011, Kefalov 2012, Wolf 2004).
Yohimbine MetaboliteCHEBI:10093 (ChEBI)
cAMPMetaboliteCHEBI:17489 (ChEBI)
cis-isohumulone MetaboliteCHEBI:73236 (ChEBI)

Annotated Interactions

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SourceTargetTypeDatabase referenceComment
ATPR-HSA-392129 (Reactome)
Adenylate cyclase (Mg2+ cofactor)R-HSA-392206 (Reactome)
Adenylate cyclase (Mg2+ cofactor)mim-catalysisR-HSA-392129 (Reactome)
G alpha

(s):GTP:Adenylate

cyclase
ArrowR-HSA-392129 (Reactome)
G alpha (i): GTPArrowR-HSA-749454 (Reactome)
G alpha (i): GTPR-HSA-392206 (Reactome)
G alpha (i): GTPR-HSA-392212 (Reactome)
G alpha (i): GTPmim-catalysisR-HSA-392212 (Reactome)
G-alpha(t)-GDP:G-beta-gammaR-HSA-8982637 (Reactome)
G-alpha(t)-GTPArrowR-HSA-8982640 (Reactome)
G-alpha(t):GDP:G-beta-gamma:OpsinsArrowR-HSA-8982637 (Reactome)
G-alpha(t):GDP:G-beta-gamma:OpsinsR-HSA-420883 (Reactome)
G-alpha(t):GTP:G-beta-gamma:OpsinsArrowR-HSA-420883 (Reactome)
G-alpha(t):GTP:G-beta-gamma:OpsinsR-HSA-8982640 (Reactome)
G-protein alpha (i):GDPArrowR-HSA-392212 (Reactome)
G-protein alpha (i):GDPR-HSA-751001 (Reactome)
G-protein alpha

(i):GTP:Adenylate

cyclase
ArrowR-HSA-392206 (Reactome)
G-protein alpha

(i):GTP:Adenylate

cyclase
TBarR-HSA-392129 (Reactome)
G-protein beta-gamma complexArrowR-HSA-749454 (Reactome)
G-protein beta-gamma complexArrowR-HSA-8982640 (Reactome)
G-protein beta-gamma complexR-HSA-751001 (Reactome)
GDPArrowR-HSA-380073 (Reactome)
GDPArrowR-HSA-420883 (Reactome)
GPCRs that activate GiArrowR-HSA-749454 (Reactome)
GPSM1, GPSM3,(GPSM2, PCP2)TBarR-HSA-380073 (Reactome)
GTPR-HSA-380073 (Reactome)
GTPR-HSA-420883 (Reactome)
Heterotrimeric

G-protein Gi

(inactive)
ArrowR-HSA-751001 (Reactome)
Heterotrimeric

G-protein Gi

(inactive)
R-HSA-749456 (Reactome)
Ligand:GPCR

complexes that activate Gi:Heterotrimeric G-protein Gi

(active)
ArrowR-HSA-380073 (Reactome)
Ligand:GPCR

complexes that activate Gi:Heterotrimeric G-protein Gi

(active)
R-HSA-749454 (Reactome)
Ligand:GPCR

complexes that activate Gi:Heterotrimeric G-protein Gi

(inactive)
ArrowR-HSA-749456 (Reactome)
Ligand:GPCR

complexes that activate Gi:Heterotrimeric G-protein Gi

(inactive)
R-HSA-380073 (Reactome)
Ligand:GPCR

complexes that activate Gi:Heterotrimeric G-protein Gi

(inactive)
mim-catalysisR-HSA-380073 (Reactome)
Ligand:GPCR

complexes that

activate Gi
R-HSA-749456 (Reactome)
Ligands of GPCRs that activate GiArrowR-HSA-749454 (Reactome)
Opsins:photonArrowR-HSA-8982640 (Reactome)
Opsins:photonR-HSA-8982637 (Reactome)
Opsins:photonmim-catalysisR-HSA-420883 (Reactome)
Opsins:photonmim-catalysisR-HSA-8982637 (Reactome)
Opsins:photonmim-catalysisR-HSA-8982640 (Reactome)
PPiArrowR-HSA-392129 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-392212 (Reactome)
R-HSA-380073 (Reactome) The liganded receptor undergoes a conformational change, generating a signal that is propagated in a manner that is not completely understood to the the G-protein. This stimulates the exchange of GDP for GTP in the G-protein alpha subunit, activating the G-protein. This event is negatively regulated by some Activators of G protein signaling (AGS) proteins, a class of proteins identified in yeast functional screens for proteins able to activate G protein signaling in the absence of a G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) (Cismowski et al. 1999, Takesono et al. 1999). AGS proteins contain G protein regulatory (GPR) motifs (also referred to as the GoLoco motif) that bind and stabilize the Galpha subunit in its GDP-bound conformation (Mochizuki et al. 1996, Peterson et al. 2000, Cao et al. 2004, Blumer & Lanier 2014). Some RGS proteins similarly bind to Galpha preventing the exchange of GDP for GTP (Soundararajan et al. 2008).
R-HSA-392129 (Reactome) The activation of adenylyl (adenylate) cyclase (AC) results in the production of adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate i.e. cyclic AMP. Humans have 9 genes encoding membrane-associated AC and one encoding a soluble AC. Two of the classes of heterotrimeric G-proteins are named according to their effect on AC; Gs stimulates all membrane-bound ACs (the s in Gs denotes AC stimulatory); the Gi class inhibits some AC isoforms, particularly 5 and 6. Beta-gamma subunits of heterotrimeric G-proteins can also regulate AC. Ca2+/Calmodulin activates some AC isoforms (1, 8 and 3) but is inhibitory to others (5 and 6).
R-HSA-392206 (Reactome) G-proteins in the Gi class inhibit adenylate cyclase activity, decreasing the production of cAMP from ATP, which has many consequences but classically results in decreased activity of Protein Kinase A (PKA). cAMP also activates the cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels, a process that is particularly important in olfactory cells.
R-HSA-392212 (Reactome) When a ligand activates a G protein-coupled receptor, it induces a conformational change in the receptor (a change in shape) that allows the receptor to function as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), stimulating the exchange of GDP for GTP on the G alpha subunit. In the traditional view of heterotrimeric protein activation, this exchange triggers the dissociation of the now active G alpha subunit from the beta:gamma dimer, initiating downstream signalling events. The G alpha subunit has intrinsic GTPase activity and will eventually hydrolyze the attached GTP to GDP, allowing reassociation with G beta:gamma. Additional GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) stimulate the GTPase activity of G alpha, leading to more rapid termination of the transduced signal. In some cases the downstream effector may have GAP activity, helping to deactivate the pathway. This is the case for phospholipase C beta, which possesses GAP activity within its C-terminal region (Kleuss et al. 1994).
R-HSA-420883 (Reactome) Transducin (Gt) is a heterotrimeric G protein encoded by GNAT genes and is naturally expressed in vertebrate retina rods and cones. There are two types, alpha-1 chain (expressed in rods by GNAT1) (Lerea CL et al, 1989) and alpha-2 chain (expressed in cones by GNAT2) (Morris TA and Fong SL, 1993). Stimulated opsins can act as GEFs for G (t) alpha subunits by replacing GDP with GTP. Consequently, the G (t) alpha subunit is activated and results in the "vertebrate phototransduction cascade" (Chen CK, 2005). Cyclic GMP Phosphodiesterase is activated which lowers cGMP levels (an intracellular second messenger molecule). Lower cGMP levels can then lead to the closure of cGMP-regulated Na+ and Ca2+ ion channels and a hyperpolarized membrane potential.

R-HSA-749454 (Reactome) The classical view of G-protein signalling is that the G-protein alpha subunit dissociates from the beta:gamma dimer. Activated G alpha (i) and the beta:gamma dimer then participate in separate signaling cascades. Although G protein dissociation has been contested (e.g. Bassi et al. 1996), recent in vivo experiments have demonstrated that dissociation does occur, though possibly not to completion (Lambert 2008).
R-HSA-749456 (Reactome) Many unrelated GPCRs couple with the Gi G-protein subtype. The G-alpha (i) subunit inhibits the production of cAMP from ATP. In turn, this results in decreased activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. There are 8 types of G-alpha (i) known to date:G(i)1, G(i)2, G(i)3, G(i)o, G(i)z, G(i)gust (gustducin) and two G(i)t (retinal transducin) (Downes GB and Gautam N, 1999). Once GDP is exchanged for GTP on the alpha subunit, it dissociates from the G-beta-gamma subunit.
R-HSA-751001 (Reactome) The classical model of G-protein signaling suggests that the G-protein dissociates upon GPCR activation. The active G alpha (i) subunit then participates in signaling, until its intrinsic GTPase activity degrades the bound GTP to GDP. The inactive G alpha (i):GDP complex has much higher affinity for the G beta:gamma complex and consequently reassociates.
R-HSA-8982637 (Reactome) Transducin (Gt) is a heterotrimeric G protein encoded by GNAT genes and is naturally expressed in vertebrate retina rods and cones. There are two types, alpha-1 chain (expressed in rods by GNAT1) (Lerea CL et al, 1989) and alpha-2 chain (expressed in cones by GNAT2) (Morris TA and Fong SL, 1993). Photon activated-opsins can bind to G(t) alpha subunits and stimulate them. Activation of the G(t) alpha subunit results in the "vertebrate phototransduction cascade" (Chen CK, 2005). Cyclic GMP Phosphodiesterase is activated which lowers cGMP levels (an intracellular second messenger molecule). Lower cGMP levels can then lead to the closure of cGMP-regulated Na+ and Ca2+ ion channels and a hyperpolarized membrane potential.

R-HSA-8982640 (Reactome) Transducin (Gt) is a heterotrimeric G protein encoded by GNAT genes and is naturally expressed in vertebrate retina rods and cones. There are two types, alpha-1 chain (expressed in rods by GNAT1) (Lerea CL et al, 1989) and alpha-2 chain (expressed in cones by GNAT2) (Morris TA and Fong SL, 1993). Stimulated opsins can bind to and act as GEFs for G (t) alpha subunits thereby replacing the GDP with GTP. Subsequently, activated G (t) alpha proteins dissociate from the complex. Activation of the G (t) alpha subunit results in the "vertebrate phototransduction cascade" (Chen CK, 2005). Cyclic GMP Phosphodiesterase is activated which lowers cGMP levels (an intracellular second messenger molecule). Lower cGMP levels can then lead to the closure of cGMP-regulated Na+ and Ca2+ ion channels and a hyperpolarized membrane potential.

RGS proteins active for G alpha (i)ArrowR-HSA-392212 (Reactome)
TBarR-HSA-392129 (Reactome)
cAMPArrowR-HSA-392129 (Reactome)
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