G alpha (i) signaling events (Homo sapiens)

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8, 3914, 32, 34362914, 32, 3414, 32, 341915, 34, 36, 376, 11, 3022, 3835cytosolCXCR2 Strychnine SUCNR1 GALR2 RLN3(119-142) OPRM1 Crispolide Mg2+ LPAR2 CXCR6 NMUR2 RGS22 OPN5 DRD2 NPY1R LPA CCR5 PSAP(326-340) TAS2R39 ADRA2A CCL4, (CCL4L1) GDPEthylpyrazine GRM6 NCA Mg2+ HCAR3 PENK(136-140) CCL4L1 GPR37 Quinine Thiamine S1PR2 UDP-Glc HCAR3 Aristolochic acid RXFP3 GPR55 SAA1(19-122) CXCR2 S1PR1 HTR1A L-Glu RLN3(119-142) POMC(237-241) GNAI1 G-alpha(t):GTP:G-beta-gamma:OpsinsGNAT2 Falcarindiol CCR9 HTR1A RGS7 GNAI3 CCR7 CXCL5(37-114) SSTR2 P2RY12 RGSL1 Sweet taste compounds CCL19 NMS TAS2R3 AITC Photon Hist Hist BDKRB1 Neuropeptide Y receptors PYY(29-64) GTP GRM7 ADCY7 Ethylpyrazine CXCL3(35-107) NPBWR1 PPBP(35-128) GNB3 GNB4 Coumarin RLN3(26-52) GTP CXCL12(22-93) Cysteinyl leukotrienes CCL4(24-92) Sinigrin TAS1R3 GNG2 NPW(33-62) D-Trp FPR2 DA Opsins:photonC5AR1 CXCL13 ADCY5 ESTG GALR1 LTE4 DRD3 Chloramphenicol APP(672-713) CCL25 GNAI1 GRM3 GNG8 5HT GNAT1 RGS20 ADCY1 INSL5(23-48) ADP ASP VisualphototransductionTAS2R4 RHO MLT S1PR4 LTD4 TAS2R46 GPR37 NPBWR1 Amygdalin DA TAS1R2 TAS2R13 GALR3 GNGT2 TAS1R3 LACT GNG3 Bitter-tasting compounds Arborescin PENK(100-104) SUCCA Picrotoxinin CXCL10(22-98) SSTR4 CCL27,28 Bradykinin CXCR2 CXCL9 CXCL2(35-107) CXCL13 Camphor TAS2R30 GPER OPN5 SSTR5 CCR10 GRM3 POMC(237-267) TAS2R8 TAS2R31 CCL13 CCR4 Ca2+ CCR2 GNB3 CCR9 Ca2+ RRH LACT AEA TAS2R40 CASR LTE4 NPY(29-64) GPR183 CCR6 Papaverine CCL4L1 OXGR1 GPR18 P2RY4 DA G-protein alpha(i):GDPPMCH(147-165) GRM4 HRH3 CXCR3 GPSM1, GPSM3,(GPSM2,PCP2)FMLP GNB4 ADCY2 Arborescin PPY(30-65) MCHR2 MCHR1 Erythromycin RGS9 Alpha-thujone Brucine Chloramphenicol L-Glu CCL23-2 CCL27 PTGDR2 NPY2R cAMPTAS2R42 Colchicine SAA1(19-122) NPY1R HTR1A,B,D,E,F,HTR5A TAS2R20 Cucurbitacin B C3AR1 GNG7 BDKRB2 GNAI2 LTE4 Ade-Rib CXCL1(35-107) CCL1 GTP CXCL9 GDP OPRK1 GDP OXER1 SUCCA PCP2 CCR7 LPAR3 Helicin PTGER3 GNAI1 ADCY4 PTGER3 Ca2+ GNG12 CXCL11 LXA4 MT-RNR2 CX3CR1 TAS2R1 APLNR AGTR2 CCL21 GNG11 Bradykinin 2OG CCL4(24-92) ADCY1 ADCY6 RLN3(26-52) GNAT1 SUCCA NPW(33-55) CCL25 TAS2R7 GNG4 GNG10 GNB3 CXCL11 P2RY12 AcCho ADCY6 CCR5 GPR18 PGD2 CXCL3(35-107) 12(S)-HETE PSAP(326-340) RGS16 NAd AEA MLT TAS2R43 NMS CXCL6(38-114) Colchicine C3a NAd FPR3 HCAR3 ligands FPR3 TAS2R1 CX3CL1 S1PR3 Amarogentin CCR6 Photon APP(672-713) GNB4 Artemorin OXER1 OPRL1 GNGT2 TAS1R2 HCAR2 NPB(25-53) APLN(47-77) ESTG RLN3(119-142) NMU SSTR4 ADORA1 Colchicine CXCR3 TAS2Rs GNG5 LPAR1,2,3,5 OPN3 ADCY2 CXCL12(22-93) SAA1(19-122) CCL21 GAL C3a P2RY4 DRD2,3,4 GRM4 GNG12 Papaverine GNG12 RXFP4 ligands Phenethyl isothiocyanate Neuropeptides B/W receptors TAS2R41 CCL1 NPB(25-53) GNG13 PSAP(?-?) IL8 GNG13 GNAI2 GABA Brucine Adenylate cyclase(Mg2+ cofactor)LACT LPAR1 APLN(65-77) BDKRB2 CNR2 TAS2R14 Quinine GNG7 CCL5(24-91) Cucurbitacin B LPAR3 ADRA2B CXCR5 RXFP3 CCL5(24-91) P2RY14 ADRA2B AITC NPB(25-48) HTR1E GABA Mg2+ CNR1 LPAR3 DRD4 TAS2R3 GNG4 Cannabinoid receptors Arbutin GNG4 HTR1F CCR8 Cucurbitacin E GNGT2 Limonin G-alpha(t)-GDP:G-beta-gammaTAS2R5 PGD2 HCAR2 Falcarindiol NPBWR1 CCL4L1 CXCR6 PENK(210-214) ANXA1 GNG3 PSAP fragments TAS2R46 GNB1 5-oxoETE ADCY5 CCL16 FPR2 TAS2R40 TAS2R16 ADCY7 GRM2 GPR55 GPR31 ATPCCR9 Arglabin GRM6 CCR2 Limonin CCR6 GPR31 S1PR4 TAS1R3 TAS2R38 S1P CCR1 GNGT2 Chloramphenicol Cascarillin S1PR1 CCL13 CXCL12(22-93) CXCR1 Thiamine GNAI1 GPER HRH3,4 NMS MTNR1A Somatostatin GDP Quassin CCR6 LXA4 GRM8 GNGT1 MTNR1B NMS GPR31 ADORA3 GPR17 PTGER3 Dynorphins MCHR1 Andrographolide CCR2 ADRA2A,B,C Somatostatin HTR1F PGE2 CCR1,2,8 OXGR1 ADCY3 FPR3 CXCL1(35-107) APLN(50-77) Tatridin B CCL19 S1PR5 LPAR2 ADCY2 GNB3 CXCR5 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid FPR1 HEBP1(1-21) RGS18 CHRM2 HCAR2 Caffeine POMC(237-241) APLN(42-77) 12(S)-HETE GNG10 NMUR2 GNGT1 P2RY4 G-alpha(t)-GTPGNG3 ADCY4 Ligand:GPCRcomplexes thatactivateGi:HeterotrimericG-protein Gi(inactive)GNGT1 CXCR6 GPR17 AITC APLNR Salicin CXCL16 GABBR1 APLN(47-77) NPY2R INSL5(23-48) PPYR1 RGS proteins activefor G alpha (i)PENK(107-111) GNG2 Suc CXCR3 CCR9 Photon CCL23-2 MTNR1A HTR1D TAS2R5 NPB(25-48) P2RY13 CXCR1 OPN1LW PPiGNAT1 P2RY12 DRD4 MTNR1B TAS2R9 GNG5 MT-RNR2 RRH PF4(48-101) BDKRB2 cis-isohumulone TAS2R8 OPN1LW TAS1R2 GNG10 RLN3(119-142) TAS2R8 GNG12 GPER GRM8 GNB5 TAS2R20 PSAP(?-?) HCAR1 OPN1LW HTR1E 2AG Apelin peptides NMUR1 ADR, NAd RHO TAS2R30 GABA GNG4 OPN1SW ANXA1 CCR10 PMCH(147-165) Picrotoxinin TAS2R19 FPR2 GNB5 GNG10 LPAR5 GNAI2 CXCL5(37-114) PTGER3 GNG11 OPN3 FPR3 ligands TAS1R1 Ca2+ Camphor LPAR1 HCAR1 GPR18 Coumarin PENK(136-140) RGR Somatostatin, cortistatin GNAI1 SSTR1 GNG3 APLN(50-77) Aloin S1PR2 HRH4 GNAS2 GNG13 GNG7 ADCY1 TAS2R10 LPAR1 CCR5 CXCR3 P2RY13 Dynorphins Sinigrin 2OG CCR10 FPR1 LPA MLT TAS2R50 GABBR2 SACC 7alpha,25-dihydroxycholesterol Ade-Rib ADP PiMTNR1B GNG8 CCR3 P2RY12 CXCR7 GABBR2 TAS2R1 Arglabin RGS11 CX3CR1 C3AR1 GNG4 GRM4 CCL13 NAGLY Amarogentin GNB2 GRM2 SSTR5 GNB1 FMLP Quinine GNAT3 AcCho GNGT1 C3a Strychnine MCHR1 TAS2R43 Aristolochic acid GNG13 AGTR2 ADORA1 CCL5(24-91) GNG11 TAS2R42 NMU GNGT1 UTP GNG4 DRD3 TAS2R41 TAS2R39 2OG S1PR5 CXCR2 GNG11 SSTR1 Ethylpyrazine Alpha-thujone TAS2R42 GNG11 NPY5R PENK(107-111) TAS2R13 APLNR 5HT NPW(33-55) CXCL10(22-98) Limonin MCHR2 G-protein alpha(z):GTP:AdenylatecyclaseP2RY14 MTNR1A C3AR1 ADCY6 CCL1 GNB5 ADORA1 Strychnine GNB1 C5a SACC HCAR1 GNGT1 NPY2R GNG13 CXCR2 ligands ADCY6 CCL13 GNAT3 INSL5(115-135) CCL20(27-96) Arglabin CASR SUCNR1 LTC4 PGE2 AGT(34-41) CCL20(27-96) C5a GNB1 RGS13 CXCR6 GALR2 Papaverine GNAT2 NMUR1,NMUR2 GNB2 12(S)-HETE UTP ADCY7 Helicin TAS2R19 LACT HTR1E CCL16 PENK(100-104) GPR55 GNG10 AGT(34-41) ASP OXER1 cis-isohumulone OPN1SW PPYR1 Phenethyl isothiocyanate SSTR2 ADORA3 Noscapine PF4(48-101) S1PR1-5 GNAZ TAS2R4 PPYR1 GAL CNR2 HCAR2 PF4(48-101) GNB4 CXCL6(38-114) Parthenolide CCR2,CCR3 CXCL2(35-107) CCL25 CCL1 2AG TAS2R45 MCHR2 P2RY13 Caffeine GALR1 LTC4 MT-RNR2 PMCH(147-165) INSL5(115-135) TAS2R4 TAS1R1 Ade-Rib RXFP3 ADCY3 ASP PENK(107-111) CCR4 GNGT2 3-hydroxybutyric acid CXCL5(37-114) SSTR1 AGTR2 TAS1R3 TAS2R19 CCL20(27-96) CXCR7 GNG5 RGS14 OPRM1 CXCR4 ADCY8 RGS8 TAS2R9 RXFP4 Cnicin GNG7 Melatonin receptors Mg2+ CCR8 APLNR NCA AcCho GNG5 Neuropeptides B/W 2OG HCAR2 ligands Arborescin IL8 GNAT3 IL8 5HT TAS2R10 CXCR1 GNG12 DRD4 Erythromycin GNG7 CCR7 GNB5 C3AR1 P2RY4 CXCR4 CASR Crispolide HTR5A OPN1SW 5-oxoETE AcCho PSAP(326-340) GNB2 GNAS1 GPR18 Suc RXFP4 INSL5(23-48) CCR10 GPR183 Cnicin DRD3 RGS12 Noscapine TAS2R3 CORT(89-105) CXCL16 G alpha(s):GTP:AdenylatecyclaseRHO DRD2 GNB2 GNAI3 ESTG P2RY13 ADP GNAI2 GALR1-3 Thiamine CNR1 ESTG CXCR4,7 LXA4 TAS2R14 HRH4 Ligand:GPCRcomplexes thatactivateGi:HeterotrimericG-protein Gi(active)CXCL13 TAS2R10 GNB1 CCL5(24-91) Ade-Rib GNB2 FPR2 HTR1D CASR Artemorin 5-oxoETE 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid PNOC(130-146) UDP-Glc GNG2 GABA TAS2R50 FMLP Absynthin AEA TAS2R14 GTPOpioid SignallingTatridin B ADCY7 PENK(230-234) C5AR1 GABBR2 GRM8 HRH3 GTP Hist TAS2R31 CHRM2 ADCY9 RGR GNAI3 Grosshemin GPSM3 HCAR3 GNG7 RXFP4 ANXA1 GNGT2 7alpha,25-dihydroxycholesterol HTR1D CCL4(24-92) CCR1 Caffeine L-Glu Amygdalin HTR5A SSTR5 ADRA2A ADCY8 CCL16 BDKRB1 SUCCA FPR3 CXCL9 C5a GDPCCL23-2 NPBWR2 TAS2R50 TAS2R60 GRM7 GNB4 OPN1MW Noscapine ADRA2C GNG2 TAS1R2 CCR1 ADCY9 RGS21 C5a CXCR5 RGR Brucine cis-isohumulone CCL19,21 ADCY1 GAL GNG2 NPY5R CCL20(27-96) RLN3(26-52) PMCH(147-165) TAS2R60 CXCL6(38-114) Dynorphins PENK(210-214) GTP 7alpha,25-dihydroxycholesterol TAS2R38 CCL21 GNAT3 GAL S1P GNG8 NMU PPBP(35-128) Salicin GABBR1 POMC(237-241) GABBR2 GABBR1 Parthenolide PENK(210-214) Coumarin Andrographolide P2RY14 CXCL3(35-107) G-protein alpha(i):GTP:AdenylatecyclaseCCR3,4,5 CXCL10(22-98) TAS2R45 GNG8 Quassin PSAP(?-?) HRH3 LPA POMC(237-267) LTD4 S1PR4 Quassin TAS1R1 ADR GPR37L1 TAS2R60 ADRA2B LPAR5 GNG5 Artemorin NPY1R S1PR3 12(S)-HETE Picrotoxinin Alpha-thujone G-protein beta:gammasignallingTAS2R7 Absynthin CCR3 CCL27 RGS4 G alpha (i): GTPTAS2R46 NPY(29-64) PYY(29-64) GNG3 RRH PNOC(130-146) BDKRB1 CCR8 ADCY4 2AG Aloin Cascarillin Ligands of GPCRsthat activate GiGNG13 NPW(33-55) APLN(65-77) TAS2R20 CCL16 CXCR3 ligands CCR7 Grosshemin ADCY2 APP(672-713) GPER TAS2R39 PTGDR2 GNG5 PPY(30-65) CCL19 CXCL12(22-93) PTGDR2 OXGR1 2AG OXGR1 Aloin GNG2 DA CHRM4 Cucurbitacin B GNG3 HRH4 GNAI2 LPA CXCR7 TAS2R45 GNAT1 UDP-Glc ADRA2C CCL28 GPR31 Opioid ligands GNAT3 NMUR1 CXCR4 Cnicin TAS2R40 GNAI3 GNGT1 CCL28 ADR CXCL2(35-107) GNAI3 GNG12 CXCL11 OPN5 HTR1F APLN(42-77) CX3CL1 GDP PYY(29-64) GNAT2 5-oxoETE NPBWR2 5HT RXFP4 GNG4 ADCY9 Yohimbine NAGLY NMUR1 CHRM4 CNR2 SSTR3 Yohimbine HCAR1 CXCR1 ADCY8 PGE2 TAS2R13 GNB5 C3a TAS2R41 GNG5 RGS1 GNG13 RGS6 RGS10 Amarogentin CCR4 PPY(30-65) OPN1MW Grosshemin PPBP(35-128) HEBP1(1-21) G-protein beta-gammacomplexGALR2 UTP Salicin Opioid receptors SSTR4 CCR5, CCR1 Erythromycin Somatostatin Ligand:GPCRcomplexes thatactivate GiCamphor Arbutin Phenethyl isothiocyanate APLN(50-77) NAGLY Helicin PGD2 OPRM1 GPR37 GRM2 CXCL13 OPRD1 CHRM2 SSTR3 GNG11 Crispolide GNB1 OXER1 RGS5 CCL28 TAS2R43 HeterotrimericG-protein Gi(inactive)ADCY5 MCHR1,MCHR2 GRM2,GRM3,GRM4,GRM6,GRM7,GRM8 GNAI2 CCL25 S1PR3 CCR3 APLN(65-77) GNG2 GNG8 GNGT2 GPR37L1 CHRM2,CHRM4 C5AR1 PNOC(130-146) TAS2R9 DRD2 NPW(33-62) GNB1 GTPSSTR2 GPCRs that activateGi3-hydroxyoctanoic acid TAS2R5 ADCY8 GPR17 CXCL1(35-107) POMC(237-267) TAS2R30 OPRK1 SUCNR1 NAGLY GNAI3 OPN3 CX3CL1 PENK(136-140) Bradykinin receptor CCL27 NPW(33-62) LTD4 ADRA2C S1PR1 FMLP ADCY3 GPR37L1 ADCY5 D-Trp ADORA3 ADCY9 GNG8 ADORA1,3 AGT(34-41) Falcarindiol OPRK1 NMU CORT(89-105) HTR1B SSTR3 Somatostatin receptors Cascarillin Absynthin AGTR2 GNB5 LTC4 CXCL16 PENK(230-234) AGT(34-41) FPR2 ligands GPR37L1 GNB4 CORT(89-105) ADP S1PR5 PGD2 ADCY4 RLN3(26-52) Cucurbitacin E LPAR2 GPR183 RXFP3 GNG10 3-hydroxybutyric acid LPAR5 HTR5A GNG11 OPN1MW CCR8 CXCR5 GPR37 UTP HCAR3 Bradykinin ADCY3 GNG8 TAS2R38 NPY receptor ligands GALR3 GNB5 APLN(42-77) GTP 3-hydroxybutyric acid ADR GRM6 HTR1A NPB(25-53) CX3CR1 CXCR1 ligands PENK(100-104) OPRL1 CXCL16 GNG12 GALR1 S1P TAS2R16 UDP-Glc NPY(29-64) GTP TAS2R31 GNG7 GNG3 S1PR2 Tatridin B GPSM2 PNOC(130-146) Amygdalin TAS2R7 NCA GABBR1 CX3CR1 CNR1 S1P CX3CL1 Aristolochic acid OPRL1 G-alpha(t):GDP:G-beta-gamma:OpsinsBradykinin C5AR1 GRM3 GPR17 GDP NPBWR2 Cucurbitacin E GPR183 TAS2R16 HEBP1(1-21) PTGDR2 GPSM1 NMUR2 GNB2 ADRA2A NPB(25-48) Suc GNAT3 GALR3 GNB3 L-Glu Sinigrin Andrographolide P2RY14 HTR1B Arbutin PGE2 D-Trp NPY5R Hist GNB4 GNB3 Yohimbine NAd GRM7 INSL5(115-135) SUCNR1 GNAI1 NMUR2 CHRM4 SACC MLT APLN(47-77) GNAT2 OPRD1 HTR1B FPR1 PENK(230-234) 7alpha,25-dihydroxycholesterol Parthenolide RGS19 GNG10 FPR1 GNB2 TAS1R1 OPRD1 OPRL1 GNB3 10, 17, 332, 3, 5, 7, 16...23, 311, 4, 9, 13, 20...12


Description

The classical signalling mechanism for G alpha (i) is inhibition of the cAMP dependent pathway through inhibition of adenylate cyclase (Dessauer C W et al. 2002). Decreased production of cAMP from ATP results in decreased activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinases. Other functions of G alpha (i) includes activation of the protein tyrosine kinase c-Src (Ma Y C et al. 2000). Regulator of G-protein Signalling (RGS) proteins can regulate the activity of G alpha (i) (Soundararajan et al. 2008). View original pathway at:Reactome.

Comments

Reactome-Converter 
Pathway is converted from Reactome ID: 418594
Reactome-version 
Reactome version: 66
Reactome Author 
Reactome Author: Jupe, Steve

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Bibliography

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History

View all...
CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
116410view09:05, 7 May 2021EweitzModified title
113220view11:28, 2 November 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 74
101714view14:52, 1 November 2018DeSlOntology Term : 'G protein mediated signaling pathway' added !
101349view11:23, 1 November 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 66
100887view20:57, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 65
100428view19:31, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 64
100272view16:57, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

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NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
12(S)-HETE MetaboliteCHEBI:34146 (ChEBI)
2AG MetaboliteCHEBI:52392 (ChEBI)
2OG MetaboliteCHEBI:30915 (ChEBI)
3-hydroxybutyric acid MetaboliteCHEBI:20067 (ChEBI)
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid MetaboliteCHEBI:37098 (ChEBI)
5-oxoETE MetaboliteCHEBI:52449 (ChEBI)
5HT MetaboliteCHEBI:28790 (ChEBI)
7alpha,25-dihydroxycholesterol MetaboliteCHEBI:37623 (ChEBI)
ADCY1 ProteinQ08828 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ADCY2 ProteinQ08462 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ADCY3 ProteinO60266 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ADCY4 ProteinQ8NFM4 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ADCY5 ProteinO95622 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ADCY6 ProteinO43306 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ADCY7 ProteinP51828 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ADCY8 ProteinP40145 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ADCY9 ProteinO60503 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ADORA1 ProteinP30542 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ADORA1,3 R-HSA-418922 (Reactome)
ADORA3 ProteinP0DMS8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ADP MetaboliteCHEBI:16761 (ChEBI)
ADR MetaboliteCHEBI:28918 (ChEBI)
ADR, NAd R-ALL-390627 (Reactome)
ADRA2A ProteinP08913 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ADRA2A,B,C R-HSA-390664 (Reactome)
ADRA2B ProteinP18089 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ADRA2C ProteinP18825 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
AEA MetaboliteCHEBI:2700 (ChEBI)
AGT(34-41) ProteinP01019 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
AGTR2 ProteinP50052 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
AITC MetaboliteCHEBI:73224 (ChEBI)
ANXA1 ProteinP04083 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
APLN(42-77) ProteinQ9ULZ1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
APLN(47-77) ProteinQ9ULZ1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
APLN(50-77) ProteinQ9ULZ1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
APLN(65-77) ProteinQ9ULZ1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
APLNR ProteinP35414 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
APP(672-713) ProteinP05067 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ASP MetaboliteCHEBI:2877 (ChEBI)
ATPMetaboliteCHEBI:15422 (ChEBI)
Absynthin MetaboliteCHEBI:2366 (ChEBI)
AcCho MetaboliteCHEBI:15355 (ChEBI)
Ade-Rib MetaboliteCHEBI:16335 (ChEBI)
Adenylate cyclase (Mg2+ cofactor)ComplexR-HSA-170665 (Reactome)
Aloin MetaboliteCHEBI:73222 (ChEBI)
Alpha-thujone MetaboliteCHEBI:50042 (ChEBI)
Amarogentin MetaboliteCHEBI:2622 (ChEBI)
Amygdalin MetaboliteCHEBI:27613 (ChEBI)
Andrographolide MetaboliteCHEBI:65408 (ChEBI)
Apelin peptides R-HSA-374317 (Reactome)
Arborescin MetaboliteCHEBI:73226 (ChEBI)
Arbutin MetaboliteCHEBI:18305 (ChEBI)
Arglabin MetaboliteCHEBI:73228 (ChEBI)
Aristolochic acid MetaboliteCHEBI:2825 (ChEBI)
Artemorin MetaboliteCHEBI:2853 (ChEBI)
BDKRB1 ProteinP46663 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
BDKRB2 ProteinP30411 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Bitter-tasting compounds R-ALL-3296423 (Reactome)
Bradykinin ProteinP01042 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Bradykinin receptor R-HSA-374323 (Reactome)
Brucine MetaboliteCHEBI:3193 (ChEBI)
C3AR1 ProteinQ16581 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
C3a ProteinP01024 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
C5AR1 ProteinP21730 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
C5a ProteinP01031 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CASR ProteinP41180 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCL1 ProteinP22362 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCL13 ProteinQ99616 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCL16 ProteinO15467 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCL19 ProteinQ99731 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCL19,21 R-HSA-373283 (Reactome)
CCL20(27-96) ProteinP78556 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCL21 ProteinO00585 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCL23-2 ProteinP55773-2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCL25 ProteinO15444 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCL27 ProteinQ9Y4X3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCL27,28 R-HSA-373322 (Reactome)
CCL28 ProteinQ9NRJ3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCL4(24-92) ProteinP13236 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCL4, (CCL4L1) R-HSA-8865350 (Reactome)
CCL4L1 ProteinQ8NHW4 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCL5(24-91) ProteinP13501 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCR1 ProteinP32246 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCR1,2,8 R-HSA-373229 (Reactome)
CCR10 ProteinP46092 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCR2 ProteinP41597 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCR2,CCR3 R-HSA-8862730 (Reactome)
CCR3 ProteinP51677 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCR3,4,5 R-HSA-373259 (Reactome)
CCR4 ProteinP51679 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCR5 ProteinP51681 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCR5, CCR1 R-HSA-8865388 (Reactome)
CCR6 ProteinP51684 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCR7 ProteinP32248 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCR8 ProteinP51685 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCR9 ProteinP51686 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CHRM2 ProteinP08172 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CHRM2,CHRM4 R-HSA-390686 (Reactome)
CHRM4 ProteinP08173 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CNR1 ProteinP21554 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CNR2 ProteinP34972 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CORT(89-105) ProteinO00230 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CX3CL1 ProteinP78423 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CX3CR1 ProteinP49238 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCL1(35-107) ProteinP09341 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCL10(22-98) ProteinP02778 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCL11 ProteinO14625 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCL12(22-93) ProteinP48061 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCL13 ProteinO43927 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCL16 ProteinQ9H2A7 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCL2(35-107) ProteinP19875 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCL3(35-107) ProteinP19876 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCL5(37-114) ProteinP42830 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCL6(38-114) ProteinP80162 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCL9 ProteinQ07325 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCR1 ProteinP25024 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCR1 ligands R-HSA-373823 (Reactome)
CXCR2 ProteinP25025 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCR2 ligands R-HSA-373814 (Reactome)
CXCR3 ProteinP49682 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCR3 ligands R-HSA-374233 (Reactome)
CXCR4 ProteinP61073 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCR4,7 R-HSA-374120 (Reactome)
CXCR5 ProteinP32302 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCR6 ProteinO00574 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCR7 ProteinP25106 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Ca2+ MetaboliteCHEBI:29108 (ChEBI)
Caffeine MetaboliteCHEBI:27732 (ChEBI)
Camphor MetaboliteCHEBI:36773 (ChEBI)
Cannabinoid receptors R-HSA-419398 (Reactome)
Cascarillin MetaboliteCHEBI:3445 (ChEBI)
Chloramphenicol MetaboliteCHEBI:17698 (ChEBI)
Cnicin MetaboliteCHEBI:3768 (ChEBI)
Colchicine MetaboliteCHEBI:23359 (ChEBI)
Coumarin MetaboliteCHEBI:28794 (ChEBI)
Crispolide MetaboliteCHEBI:73231 (ChEBI)
Cucurbitacin B MetaboliteCHEBI:3941 (ChEBI)
Cucurbitacin E MetaboliteCHEBI:3944 (ChEBI)
Cysteinyl leukotrienes R-ALL-416372 (Reactome)
D-Trp MetaboliteCHEBI:16296 (ChEBI)
DA MetaboliteCHEBI:18243 (ChEBI)
DRD2 ProteinP14416 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
DRD2,3,4 R-HSA-390818 (Reactome)
DRD3 ProteinP35462 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
DRD4 ProteinP21917 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Dynorphins R-HSA-374372 (Reactome)
ESTG MetaboliteCHEBI:50114 (ChEBI)
Erythromycin MetaboliteCHEBI:48923 (ChEBI)
Ethylpyrazine MetaboliteCHEBI:73232 (ChEBI)
FMLP MetaboliteCHEBI:53490 (ChEBI)
FPR1 ProteinP21462 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
FPR2 ProteinP25090 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
FPR2 ligands R-HSA-444472 (Reactome)
FPR3 ProteinP25089 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
FPR3 ligands R-HSA-444545 (Reactome)
Falcarindiol MetaboliteCHEBI:69236 (ChEBI)
G alpha

(s):GTP:Adenylate

cyclase
ComplexR-HSA-163622 (Reactome)
G alpha (i): GTPComplexR-HSA-392161 (Reactome)
G-alpha(t)-GDP:G-beta-gammaComplexR-HSA-420877 (Reactome)
G-alpha(t)-GTPComplexR-HSA-420891 (Reactome)
G-alpha(t):GDP:G-beta-gamma:OpsinsComplexR-HSA-8982635 (Reactome)
G-alpha(t):GTP:G-beta-gamma:OpsinsComplexR-HSA-8982649 (Reactome)
G-protein alpha (i):GDPComplexR-HSA-392164 (Reactome)
G-protein alpha

(i):GTP:Adenylate

cyclase
ComplexR-HSA-396910 (Reactome)
G-protein alpha

(z):GTP:Adenylate

cyclase
ComplexR-HSA-392049 (Reactome)
G-protein beta-gamma complexComplexR-HSA-167434 (Reactome)
G-protein beta:gamma signallingPathwayR-HSA-397795 (Reactome) The classical role of the G-protein beta/gamma dimer was believed to be the inactivation of the alpha subunit, Gbeta/gamma was viewed as a negative regulator of Galpha signalling. It is now known that Gbeta/gamma subunits can directly modulate many effectors, including some also regulated by G alpha.
GABA MetaboliteCHEBI:59888 (ChEBI)
GABBR1 ProteinQ9UBS5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GABBR2 ProteinO75899 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GAL ProteinP22466 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GALR1 ProteinP47211 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GALR1-3 R-HSA-389011 (Reactome)
GALR2 ProteinO43603 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GALR3 ProteinO60755 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GDP MetaboliteCHEBI:17552 (ChEBI)
GDPMetaboliteCHEBI:17552 (ChEBI)
GNAI1 ProteinP63096 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNAI2 ProteinP04899 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNAI3 ProteinP08754 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNAS1 ProteinQ5JWF2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNAS2 ProteinP63092 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNAT1 ProteinP11488 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNAT2 ProteinP19087 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNAT3 ProteinA8MTJ3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNAZ ProteinP19086 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNB1 ProteinP62873 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNB2 ProteinP62879 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNB3 ProteinP16520 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNB4 ProteinQ9HAV0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNB5 ProteinO14775 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNG10 ProteinP50151 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNG11 ProteinP61952 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNG12 ProteinQ9UBI6 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNG13 ProteinQ9P2W3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNG2 ProteinP59768 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNG3 ProteinP63215 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNG4 ProteinP50150 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNG5 ProteinP63218 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNG7 ProteinO60262 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNG8 ProteinQ9UK08 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNGT1 ProteinP63211 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GNGT2 ProteinO14610 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GPCRs that activate GiComplexR-HSA-790904 (Reactome)
GPER ProteinQ99527 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GPR17 ProteinQ13304 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GPR18 ProteinQ14330 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GPR183 ProteinP32249 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) GPR183 (originally called EBI2) binds the oxysterol 7alpha,25-dihydroxycholesterol (7a,25-OHC) (Hannedouche et al. 2011, Liu et al. 2011). GPR183 is believed to played a key role in regulating B cell migration and responses (Gatto et al. 2009, Pereira et al. 2009, Yi et al. 2012, Sun & Liu 2015). It signals via Gi (Rosenkilde et al. 2006).
GPR31 ProteinO00270 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GPR37 ProteinO15354 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GPR37L1 ProteinO60883 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GPR55 ProteinQ9Y2T6 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GPSM1 ProteinQ86YR5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GPSM1, GPSM3,(GPSM2, PCP2)ComplexR-HSA-8949487 (Reactome)
GPSM2 ProteinP81274 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GPSM3 ProteinQ9Y4H4 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GRM2 ProteinQ14416 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GRM2,GRM3,GRM4,GRM6,GRM7,GRM8 R-HSA-420517 (Reactome)
GRM3 ProteinQ14832 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GRM4 ProteinQ14833 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GRM6 ProteinO15303 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GRM7 ProteinQ14831 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GRM8 ProteinO00222 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTP MetaboliteCHEBI:15996 (ChEBI)
GTPMetaboliteCHEBI:15996 (ChEBI)
Grosshemin MetaboliteCHEBI:5547 (ChEBI)
HCAR1 ProteinQ9BXC0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HCAR2 ProteinQ8TDS4 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HCAR2 ligands R-ALL-3296262 (Reactome)
HCAR3 ProteinP49019 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HCAR3 ligands R-ALL-3296330 (Reactome)
HEBP1(1-21) ProteinQ9NRV9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HRH3 ProteinQ9Y5N1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HRH3,4 R-HSA-390872 (Reactome)
HRH4 ProteinQ9H3N8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HTR1A ProteinP08908 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HTR1A,B,D,E,F,HTR5A R-HSA-390959 (Reactome)
HTR1B ProteinP28222 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HTR1D ProteinP28221 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HTR1E ProteinP28566 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HTR1F ProteinP30939 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HTR5A ProteinP47898 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Helicin MetaboliteCHEBI:73235 (ChEBI)
Heterotrimeric

G-protein Gi

(inactive)
ComplexR-HSA-392165 (Reactome)
Hist MetaboliteCHEBI:18295 (ChEBI)
IL8 ProteinP10145 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INSL5(115-135) ProteinQ9Y5Q6 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INSL5(23-48) ProteinQ9Y5Q6 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
L-Glu MetaboliteCHEBI:29985 (ChEBI)
LACT MetaboliteCHEBI:422 (ChEBI)
LPA MetaboliteCHEBI:52288 (ChEBI)
LPAR1 ProteinQ92633 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
LPAR1,2,3,5 R-HSA-419369 (Reactome)
LPAR2 ProteinQ9HBW0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
LPAR3 ProteinQ9UBY5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
LPAR5 ProteinQ9H1C0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
LTC4 MetaboliteCHEBI:16978 (ChEBI)
LTD4 MetaboliteCHEBI:28666 (ChEBI)
LTE4 MetaboliteCHEBI:15650 (ChEBI)
LXA4 MetaboliteCHEBI:6498 (ChEBI)
Ligand:GPCR

complexes that activate Gi:Heterotrimeric G-protein Gi

(active)
ComplexR-HSA-749445 (Reactome)
Ligand:GPCR

complexes that activate Gi:Heterotrimeric G-protein Gi

(inactive)
ComplexR-HSA-749455 (Reactome)
Ligand:GPCR

complexes that

activate Gi
ComplexR-HSA-380091 (Reactome)
Ligands of GPCRs that activate GiComplexR-HSA-790906 (Reactome)
Limonin MetaboliteCHEBI:16226 (ChEBI)
MCHR1 ProteinQ99705 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MCHR1,MCHR2 R-HSA-947667 (Reactome)
MCHR2 ProteinQ969V1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MLT MetaboliteCHEBI:16796 (ChEBI)
MT-RNR2 ProteinQ8IVG9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MTNR1A ProteinP48039 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MTNR1B ProteinP49286 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Melatonin receptors R-HSA-419423 (Reactome)
Mg2+ MetaboliteCHEBI:18420 (ChEBI)
NAGLY MetaboliteCHEBI:58961 (ChEBI)
NAd MetaboliteCHEBI:18357 (ChEBI)
NCA MetaboliteCHEBI:15940 (ChEBI)
NMS ProteinQ5H8A3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NMU ProteinP48645 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NMUR1 ProteinQ9HB89 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NMUR1,NMUR2 R-HSA-964805 (Reactome)
NMUR2 ProteinQ9GZQ4 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NPB(25-48) ProteinQ8NG41 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NPB(25-53) ProteinQ8NG41 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NPBWR1 ProteinP48145 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NPBWR2 ProteinP48146 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NPW(33-55) ProteinQ8N729 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NPW(33-62) ProteinQ8N729 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NPY receptor ligands R-HSA-388902 (Reactome)
NPY(29-64) ProteinP01303 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NPY1R ProteinP25929 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NPY2R ProteinP49146 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NPY5R ProteinQ15761 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Neuropeptide Y receptors R-HSA-388858 (Reactome)
Neuropeptides B/W R-HSA-374796 (Reactome)
Neuropeptides B/W receptors R-HSA-374798 (Reactome)
Noscapine MetaboliteCHEBI:73237 (ChEBI)
OPN1LW ProteinP04000 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
OPN1MW ProteinP04001 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
OPN1SW ProteinP03999 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
OPN3 ProteinQ9H1Y3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
OPN5 ProteinQ6U736 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
OPRD1 ProteinP41143 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
OPRK1 ProteinP41145 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
OPRL1 ProteinP41146 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
OPRM1 ProteinP35372 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
OXER1 ProteinQ8TDS5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
OXGR1 ProteinQ96P68 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Opioid SignallingPathwayR-HSA-111885 (Reactome) Opioids are chemical substances similar to opiates, the active substances found in opium (morphine, codeine etc.). Opioid action is mediated by the receptors for endogenous opioids; peptides such as the enkephalins, the endorphins or the dynorphins. Opioids possess powerful analgesic and sedative effects, and are widely used as pain-killers. Their main side-effect is the rapid establishment of a strong addiction. Opioids receptors are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR). There are four classes of receptors: mu (MOR), kappa (KOR) and delta (DOR), and the nociceptin receptor (NOP).
Opioid ligands R-HSA-374370 (Reactome)
Opioid receptors R-HSA-374277 (Reactome)
Opsins:photonComplexR-HSA-419779 (Reactome)
P2RY12 ProteinQ9H244 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
P2RY13 ProteinQ9BPV8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
P2RY14 ProteinQ15391 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
P2RY4 ProteinP51582 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PCP2 ProteinQ8IVA1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PENK(100-104) ProteinP01210 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PENK(107-111) ProteinP01210 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PENK(136-140) ProteinP01210 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PENK(210-214) ProteinP01210 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PENK(230-234) ProteinP01210 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PF4(48-101) ProteinP02776 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PGD2 MetaboliteCHEBI:15555 (ChEBI)
PGE2 MetaboliteCHEBI:15551 (ChEBI)
PMCH(147-165) ProteinP20382 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PNOC(130-146) ProteinQ13519 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POMC(237-241) ProteinP01189 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POMC(237-267) ProteinP01189 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PPBP(35-128) ProteinP02775 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PPY(30-65) ProteinP01298 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PPYR1 ProteinP50391 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PPiMetaboliteCHEBI:29888 (ChEBI)
PSAP fragments R-HSA-5336183 (Reactome) Paper describes 'full-length' prosaposin but methods indicate a 'C-teminal fragment' so the actual fragment represented by this full-length prosaposin is unclear.
PSAP(326-340) ProteinP07602 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) TXLIDNNATEEILY where X is a D-alanine
PSAP(?-?) ProteinP07602 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) TXLIDNNATEEILY where X is a D-alanine
PTGDR2 ProteinQ9Y5Y4 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PTGER3 ProteinP43115 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PYY(29-64) ProteinP10082 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Papaverine MetaboliteCHEBI:28241 (ChEBI)
Parthenolide MetaboliteCHEBI:7939 (ChEBI)
Phenethyl isothiocyanate MetaboliteCHEBI:351346 (ChEBI)
Photon R-ALL-419777 (Reactome)
PiMetaboliteCHEBI:18367 (ChEBI)
Picrotoxinin MetaboliteCHEBI:8206 (ChEBI)
Quassin MetaboliteCHEBI:8692 (ChEBI)
Quinine MetaboliteCHEBI:15854 (ChEBI)
RGR ProteinP47804 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS proteins active for G alpha (i)ComplexR-HSA-921124 (Reactome)
RGS1 ProteinQ08116 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS10 ProteinO43665 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS11 ProteinO94810 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS12 ProteinO14924 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS13 ProteinO14921 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS14 ProteinO43566 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS16 ProteinO15492 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS18 ProteinQ9NS28 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS19 ProteinP49795 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS20 ProteinO76081 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS21 ProteinQ2M5E4 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS22 ProteinQ8NE09 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS4 ProteinP49798 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS5 ProteinO15539 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS6 ProteinP49758 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS7 ProteinP49802 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS8 ProteinP57771 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGS9 ProteinO75916 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RGSL1 ProteinA5PLK6 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RHO ProteinP08100 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RLN3(119-142) ProteinQ8WXF3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RLN3(26-52) ProteinQ8WXF3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RRH ProteinO14718 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RXFP3 ProteinQ9NSD7 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RXFP4 ProteinQ8TDU9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RXFP4 ligands R-HSA-444889 (Reactome)
S1P MetaboliteCHEBI:37550 (ChEBI)
S1PR1 ProteinP21453 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
S1PR1-5 R-HSA-419401 (Reactome)
S1PR2 ProteinO95136 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
S1PR3 ProteinQ99500 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
S1PR4 ProteinO95977 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
S1PR5 ProteinQ9H228 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SAA1(19-122) ProteinP0DJI8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SACC MetaboliteCHEBI:32111 (ChEBI)
SSTR1 ProteinP30872 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SSTR2 ProteinP30874 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SSTR3 ProteinP32745 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SSTR4 ProteinP31391 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SSTR5 ProteinP35346 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SUCCA MetaboliteCHEBI:15741 (ChEBI)
SUCNR1 ProteinQ9BXA5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Salicin MetaboliteCHEBI:17814 (ChEBI)
Sinigrin MetaboliteCHEBI:9162 (ChEBI)
Somatostatin R-HSA-374714 (Reactome)
Somatostatin receptors R-HSA-374746 (Reactome)
Somatostatin, cortistatin R-HSA-8849391 (Reactome)
Strychnine MetaboliteCHEBI:28973 (ChEBI)
Suc MetaboliteCHEBI:17992 (ChEBI)
Sweet taste compounds R-ALL-444679 (Reactome)
TAS1R1 ProteinQ7RTX1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS1R2 ProteinQ8TE23 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS1R3 ProteinQ7RTX0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R1 ProteinQ9NYW7 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R10 ProteinQ9NYW0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R13 ProteinQ9NYV9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R14 ProteinQ9NYV8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R16 ProteinQ9NYV7 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R19 ProteinP59542 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R20 ProteinP59543 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R3 ProteinQ9NYW6 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R30 ProteinP59541 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R31 ProteinP59538 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R38 ProteinP59533 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R39 ProteinP59534 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R4 ProteinQ9NYW5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R40 ProteinP59535 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R41 ProteinP59536 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R42 ProteinQ7RTR8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R43 ProteinP59537 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R45 ProteinP59539 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R46 ProteinP59540 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R5 ProteinQ9NYW4 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R50 ProteinP59544 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R60 ProteinP59551 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R7 ProteinQ9NYW3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R8 ProteinQ9NYW2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2R9 ProteinQ9NYW1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAS2Rs R-HSA-3299629 (Reactome)
Tatridin B MetaboliteCHEBI:73239 (ChEBI)
Thiamine MetaboliteCHEBI:26948 (ChEBI)
UDP-Glc MetaboliteCHEBI:18066 (ChEBI)
UTP MetaboliteCHEBI:15713 (ChEBI)
Visual phototransductionPathwayR-HSA-2187338 (Reactome) Visual phototransduction is the process by which photon absorption by visual pigment molecules in photoreceptor cells is converted to an electrical cellular response. The events in this process are photochemical, biochemical and electrophysiological and are highly conserved across many species. This process occurs in two types of photoreceptors in the retina, rods and cones. Each type consists of two parts, the outer segment which detects a photon signal and the inner segment which contains the necessary machinery for cell metabolism. Each type of cell functions differently. Rods are very light sensitive but their flash response is slow so they work best in twilight conditions but are not good at detecting objects moving quickly. Cones are less light-sensitive and have a fast flash response so they work best in daylight conditions and are better at detecting fast moving objects than rods.

The visual pigment consists of a chromophore (11-cis-retinal, 11cRAL, A1) covalently attached to a GPCR opsin family member. The linkage is via a Schiff base forming retinylidene protein. Upon photon absorption, 11cRAL isomerises to all-trans retinal (atRAL), changing the conformation of opsin to an activated form which can activate the regulatory G protein transducin (Gt). The alpha subunit of Gt activates phosphodiesterase which hydrolyses cGMP to 5'-GMP. As high level of cGMP keep cGMP-gated sodium channels open, the lowering of cGMP levels closes these channels which causes hyperpolarization of the cell and subsequently, closure of voltage-gated calcium channels. As calcium levels drop, the level of the neurotransmitter glutamate also drops causing depolarization of the cell. This effectively relays the light signal to postsynaptic neurons as electrical signal (Burns & Pugh 2010, Korenbrot 2012, Pugh & Lamb 1993).

11cRAL cannot be synthesised in vertebrates. Vitamin A from many dietary sources is the precursor for 11cRAL. It is taken from food in the form of esters such as retinyl acetate or palmitate or one of four caretenoids (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, gamma-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin). Retinoids are transported from the gut to be stored in liver, until required by target organs such as the eye (Harrison & Hussain 2001, Harrison 2005). In the eye, in the form 11cRAL, it is used in the retinoid (visual) cycle to initiate phototransduction and for visual pigment regeneration to ready the photoreceptor for the next phototransduction event (von Lintig 2012, Blomhoff & Blomhoff 2006, von Lintig et al. 2010, D'Ambrosio et al. 2011, Wang & Kefalov 2011, Kefalov 2012, Wolf 2004).
Yohimbine MetaboliteCHEBI:10093 (ChEBI)
cAMPMetaboliteCHEBI:17489 (ChEBI)
cis-isohumulone MetaboliteCHEBI:73236 (ChEBI)

Annotated Interactions

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SourceTargetTypeDatabase referenceComment
ATPR-HSA-392129 (Reactome)
Adenylate cyclase (Mg2+ cofactor)R-HSA-392206 (Reactome)
Adenylate cyclase (Mg2+ cofactor)mim-catalysisR-HSA-392129 (Reactome)
G alpha

(s):GTP:Adenylate

cyclase
ArrowR-HSA-392129 (Reactome)
G alpha (i): GTPArrowR-HSA-749454 (Reactome)
G alpha (i): GTPR-HSA-392206 (Reactome)
G alpha (i): GTPR-HSA-392212 (Reactome)
G alpha (i): GTPmim-catalysisR-HSA-392212 (Reactome)
G-alpha(t)-GDP:G-beta-gammaR-HSA-8982637 (Reactome)
G-alpha(t)-GTPArrowR-HSA-8982640 (Reactome)
G-alpha(t):GDP:G-beta-gamma:OpsinsArrowR-HSA-8982637 (Reactome)
G-alpha(t):GDP:G-beta-gamma:OpsinsR-HSA-420883 (Reactome)
G-alpha(t):GTP:G-beta-gamma:OpsinsArrowR-HSA-420883 (Reactome)
G-alpha(t):GTP:G-beta-gamma:OpsinsR-HSA-8982640 (Reactome)
G-protein alpha (i):GDPArrowR-HSA-392212 (Reactome)
G-protein alpha (i):GDPR-HSA-751001 (Reactome)
G-protein alpha

(i):GTP:Adenylate

cyclase
ArrowR-HSA-392206 (Reactome)
G-protein alpha

(i):GTP:Adenylate

cyclase
TBarR-HSA-392129 (Reactome)
G-protein beta-gamma complexArrowR-HSA-749454 (Reactome)
G-protein beta-gamma complexArrowR-HSA-8982640 (Reactome)
G-protein beta-gamma complexR-HSA-751001 (Reactome)
GDPArrowR-HSA-380073 (Reactome)
GDPArrowR-HSA-420883 (Reactome)
GPCRs that activate GiArrowR-HSA-749454 (Reactome)
GPSM1, GPSM3,(GPSM2, PCP2)TBarR-HSA-380073 (Reactome)
GTPR-HSA-380073 (Reactome)
GTPR-HSA-420883 (Reactome)
Heterotrimeric

G-protein Gi

(inactive)
ArrowR-HSA-751001 (Reactome)
Heterotrimeric

G-protein Gi

(inactive)
R-HSA-749456 (Reactome)
Ligand:GPCR

complexes that activate Gi:Heterotrimeric G-protein Gi

(active)
ArrowR-HSA-380073 (Reactome)
Ligand:GPCR

complexes that activate Gi:Heterotrimeric G-protein Gi

(active)
R-HSA-749454 (Reactome)
Ligand:GPCR

complexes that activate Gi:Heterotrimeric G-protein Gi

(inactive)
ArrowR-HSA-749456 (Reactome)
Ligand:GPCR

complexes that activate Gi:Heterotrimeric G-protein Gi

(inactive)
R-HSA-380073 (Reactome)
Ligand:GPCR

complexes that activate Gi:Heterotrimeric G-protein Gi

(inactive)
mim-catalysisR-HSA-380073 (Reactome)
Ligand:GPCR

complexes that

activate Gi
R-HSA-749456 (Reactome)
Ligands of GPCRs that activate GiArrowR-HSA-749454 (Reactome)
Opsins:photonArrowR-HSA-8982640 (Reactome)
Opsins:photonR-HSA-8982637 (Reactome)
Opsins:photonmim-catalysisR-HSA-420883 (Reactome)
Opsins:photonmim-catalysisR-HSA-8982637 (Reactome)
Opsins:photonmim-catalysisR-HSA-8982640 (Reactome)
PPiArrowR-HSA-392129 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-392212 (Reactome)
R-HSA-380073 (Reactome) The liganded receptor undergoes a conformational change, generating a signal that is propagated in a manner that is not completely understood to the the G-protein. This stimulates the exchange of GDP for GTP in the G-protein alpha subunit, activating the G-protein. This event is negatively regulated by some Activators of G protein signaling (AGS) proteins, a class of proteins identified in yeast functional screens for proteins able to activate G protein signaling in the absence of a G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) (Cismowski et al. 1999, Takesono et al. 1999). AGS proteins contain G protein regulatory (GPR) motifs (also referred to as the GoLoco motif) that bind and stabilize the Galpha subunit in its GDP-bound conformation (Mochizuki et al. 1996, Peterson et al. 2000, Cao et al. 2004, Blumer & Lanier 2014). Some RGS proteins similarly bind to Galpha preventing the exchange of GDP for GTP (Soundararajan et al. 2008).
R-HSA-392129 (Reactome) The activation of adenylyl (adenylate) cyclase (AC) results in the production of adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate i.e. cyclic AMP. Humans have 9 genes encoding membrane-associated AC and one encoding a soluble AC. Two of the classes of heterotrimeric G-proteins are named according to their effect on AC; Gs stimulates all membrane-bound ACs (the s in Gs denotes AC stimulatory); the Gi class inhibits some AC isoforms, particularly 5 and 6. Beta-gamma subunits of heterotrimeric G-proteins can also regulate AC. Ca2+/Calmodulin activates some AC isoforms (1, 8 and 3) but is inhibitory to others (5 and 6).
R-HSA-392206 (Reactome) G-proteins in the Gi class inhibit adenylate cyclase activity, decreasing the production of cAMP from ATP, which has many consequences but classically results in decreased activity of Protein Kinase A (PKA). cAMP also activates the cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels, a process that is particularly important in olfactory cells.
R-HSA-392212 (Reactome) When a ligand activates a G protein-coupled receptor, it induces a conformational change in the receptor (a change in shape) that allows the receptor to function as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), stimulating the exchange of GDP for GTP on the G alpha subunit. In the traditional view of heterotrimeric protein activation, this exchange triggers the dissociation of the now active G alpha subunit from the beta:gamma dimer, initiating downstream signalling events. The G alpha subunit has intrinsic GTPase activity and will eventually hydrolyze the attached GTP to GDP, allowing reassociation with G beta:gamma. Additional GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) stimulate the GTPase activity of G alpha, leading to more rapid termination of the transduced signal. In some cases the downstream effector may have GAP activity, helping to deactivate the pathway. This is the case for phospholipase C beta, which possesses GAP activity within its C-terminal region (Kleuss et al. 1994).
R-HSA-420883 (Reactome) Transducin (Gt) is a heterotrimeric G protein encoded by GNAT genes and is naturally expressed in vertebrate retina rods and cones. There are two types, alpha-1 chain (expressed in rods by GNAT1) (Lerea CL et al, 1989) and alpha-2 chain (expressed in cones by GNAT2) (Morris TA and Fong SL, 1993). Stimulated opsins can act as GEFs for G (t) alpha subunits by replacing GDP with GTP. Consequently, the G (t) alpha subunit is activated and results in the "vertebrate phototransduction cascade" (Chen CK, 2005). Cyclic GMP Phosphodiesterase is activated which lowers cGMP levels (an intracellular second messenger molecule). Lower cGMP levels can then lead to the closure of cGMP-regulated Na+ and Ca2+ ion channels and a hyperpolarized membrane potential.

R-HSA-749454 (Reactome) The classical view of G-protein signalling is that the G-protein alpha subunit dissociates from the beta:gamma dimer. Activated G alpha (i) and the beta:gamma dimer then participate in separate signaling cascades. Although G protein dissociation has been contested (e.g. Bassi et al. 1996), recent in vivo experiments have demonstrated that dissociation does occur, though possibly not to completion (Lambert 2008).
R-HSA-749456 (Reactome) Many unrelated GPCRs couple with the Gi G-protein subtype. The G-alpha (i) subunit inhibits the production of cAMP from ATP. In turn, this results in decreased activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. There are 8 types of G-alpha (i) known to date:G(i)1, G(i)2, G(i)3, G(i)o, G(i)z, G(i)gust (gustducin) and two G(i)t (retinal transducin) (Downes GB and Gautam N, 1999). Once GDP is exchanged for GTP on the alpha subunit, it dissociates from the G-beta-gamma subunit.
R-HSA-751001 (Reactome) The classical model of G-protein signaling suggests that the G-protein dissociates upon GPCR activation. The active G alpha (i) subunit then participates in signaling, until its intrinsic GTPase activity degrades the bound GTP to GDP. The inactive G alpha (i):GDP complex has much higher affinity for the G beta:gamma complex and consequently reassociates.
R-HSA-8982637 (Reactome) Transducin (Gt) is a heterotrimeric G protein encoded by GNAT genes and is naturally expressed in vertebrate retina rods and cones. There are two types, alpha-1 chain (expressed in rods by GNAT1) (Lerea CL et al, 1989) and alpha-2 chain (expressed in cones by GNAT2) (Morris TA and Fong SL, 1993). Photon activated-opsins can bind to G(t) alpha subunits and stimulate them. Activation of the G(t) alpha subunit results in the "vertebrate phototransduction cascade" (Chen CK, 2005). Cyclic GMP Phosphodiesterase is activated which lowers cGMP levels (an intracellular second messenger molecule). Lower cGMP levels can then lead to the closure of cGMP-regulated Na+ and Ca2+ ion channels and a hyperpolarized membrane potential.

R-HSA-8982640 (Reactome) Transducin (Gt) is a heterotrimeric G protein encoded by GNAT genes and is naturally expressed in vertebrate retina rods and cones. There are two types, alpha-1 chain (expressed in rods by GNAT1) (Lerea CL et al, 1989) and alpha-2 chain (expressed in cones by GNAT2) (Morris TA and Fong SL, 1993). Stimulated opsins can bind to and act as GEFs for G (t) alpha subunits thereby replacing the GDP with GTP. Subsequently, activated G (t) alpha proteins dissociate from the complex. Activation of the G (t) alpha subunit results in the "vertebrate phototransduction cascade" (Chen CK, 2005). Cyclic GMP Phosphodiesterase is activated which lowers cGMP levels (an intracellular second messenger molecule). Lower cGMP levels can then lead to the closure of cGMP-regulated Na+ and Ca2+ ion channels and a hyperpolarized membrane potential.

RGS proteins active for G alpha (i)ArrowR-HSA-392212 (Reactome)
TBarR-HSA-392129 (Reactome)
cAMPArrowR-HSA-392129 (Reactome)
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