COVID-19 and endothelial cell senescence (Homo sapiens)

From WikiPathways

Revision as of 14:03, 5 July 2022 by LaureAlix (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
214142SARS-CoV 2SARS-CoV 2TLR2TREML4 virus proteinACE2TLR6TLR4ACE2INF-I alpha/ betaORF3a15


Description

The induction of Type I interferons and signaling is the first response leading to the innate immune reactions during SARS-COV-2 infection. The virus can enter host cells through two mechanisms. If it enters the cell via diffusion mediated by TMPRSS2, the virus ssRNA will be detected by RIG-I and MDA5 in the cytosol. If the virus enters the cell via endocytosis, the spike proteins will be processed by CTSL in the lysosome leading to the detection of ssRNA by TLR3,7 and 9 (PMID 33506952). The extracellular virus can also be detected by TLR2,4 and 6 (PMID 33506952). The higher production of TLR4 in men and the presence of TLR7 on the X chromosome may contribute to the different responses between women and men during SARS-CoV 2 infection (PMID 33506952). TLR7 MYD88-dependent signaling is inhibited at multiple steps by the SARS-CoV Papain-Like Protease (PLpro) domain of nsp3 (red oval). The signaling pathway is critical to induction of type I interferons (INF-I) via IRF3, AP-1 and NFkB transcription factors. INF-I triggers the JAK/STAT pathway leading to the induction of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), such as OAS and PKR, which go one to conduct the innate immune response. TREML4 has been shown to be necessary for MYD88 recruitment by TLR7 and STAT1 participation. The inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro by GRL0617 is proposed based on Ratia, et al. 2008 and 100% sequence identity between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 across all 13 residues of PLpro involved in binding GRL0617 (82.9% identity across 316 amino acids) as determined by the alignment of RefSeq YP_009725299.1 and PDB 3E9S (https://alexanderpico.github.io/SARS-CoV-2_Alignments/#Nsp3_PLpro_domain). The antimicrobial agent, azithromycin, is in clincal trials as COVID-19 therapy in combination with hydroxychloroquine (Gautret 2020) has been shown to modulate inflammation by inhibiting the activation of many of these same transcription factors.

Try the New WikiPathways

View approved pathways at the new wikipathways.org.

Quality Tags

Ontology Terms

 

Bibliography

View all...
  1. Xia H, Cao Z, Xie X, Zhang X, Chen JY, Wang H, Menachery VD, Rajsbaum R, Shi PY; ''Evasion of Type I Interferon by SARS-CoV-2.''; Cell Rep, 2020 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  2. Xia H, Shi PY; ''Antagonism of Type I Interferon by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2.''; J Interferon Cytokine Res, 2020 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  3. Yamauchi K, Shibata Y, Kimura T, Abe S, Inoue S, Osaka D, Sato M, Igarashi A, Kubota I; ''Azithromycin suppresses interleukin-12p40 expression in lipopolysaccharideand interferon-gamma stimulated macrophages.''; Int J Biol Sci, 2009 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  4. Ratia K, Pegan S, Takayama J, Sleeman K, Coughlin M, Baliji S, Chaudhuri R, Fu W, Prabhakar BS, Johnson ME, Baker SC, Ghosh AK, Mesecar AD; ''A noncovalent class of papain-like protease/deubiquitinase inhibitors blocks SARS virus replication.''; Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2008 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  5. Aghai ZH, Kode A, Saslow JG, Nakhla T, Farhath S, Stahl GE, Eydelman R, Strande L, Leone P, Rahman I; ''Azithromycin suppresses activation of nuclear factor-kappa B and synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines in tracheal aspirate cells from premature infants.''; Pediatr Res, 2007 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  6. Ramirez-Ortiz ZG, Prasad A, Griffith JW, Pendergraft WF 3rd, Cowley GS, Root DE, Tai M, Luster AD, El Khoury J, Hacohen N, Means TK; ''The receptor TREML4 amplifies TLR7-mediated signaling during antiviral responses and autoimmunity.''; Nat Immunol, 2015 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  7. Sa Ribero M, Jouvenet N, Dreux M, Nisole S; ''''; , PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  8. Baines KJ, Wright TK, Gibson PG, Powell H, Hansbro PM, Simpson JL; ''Azithromycin treatment modifies airway and blood gene expression networks in neutrophilic COPD.''; ERJ Open Res, 2018 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  9. Baines KJ, Wright TK, Gibson PG, Powell H, Hansbro PM, Simpson JL; ''Azithromycin treatment modifies airway and blood gene expression networks in neutrophilic COPD.''; ERJ Open Res, 2018 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  10. Khanmohammadi S, Rezaei N; ''Role of Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of COVID-19.''; J Med Virol, 2021 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  11. Lei X, Dong X, Ma R, Wang W, Xiao X, Tian Z, Wang C, Wang Y, Li L, Ren L, Guo F, Zhao Z, Zhou Z, Xiang Z, Wang J; ''Activation and evasion of type I interferon responses by SARS-CoV-2.''; Nat Commun, 2020 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  12. Edelmann MJ, Nicholson B, Kessler BM; ''Pharmacological targets in the ubiquitin system offer new ways of treating cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and infectious diseases.''; Expert Rev Mol Med, 2011 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  13. Wu X, Xia T, Shin WJ, Yu KM, Jung W, Herrmann A, Foo SS, Chen W, Zhang P, Lee JS, Poo H, Comhair SAA, Jehi L, Choi YK, Ensser A, Jung JU; ''Viral Mimicry of Interleukin-17A by SARS-CoV-2 ORF8.''; mBio, 2022 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  14. Carter-Timofte ME, Jørgensen SE, Freytag MR, Thomsen MM, Brinck Andersen NS, Al-Mousawi A, Hait AS, Mogensen TH; ''Deciphering the Role of Host Genetics in Susceptibility to Severe COVID-19.''; Front Immunol, 2020 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  15. Gautret P, Lagier JC, Parola P, Hoang VT, Meddeb L, Mailhe M, Doudier B, Courjon J, Giordanengo V, Vieira VE, Dupont HT, Honoré S, Colson P, Chabrière E, La Scola B, Rolain JM, Brouqui P, Raoult D; ''Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial.''; Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2020 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  16. Yamauchi K, Shibata Y, Kimura T, Abe S, Inoue S, Osaka D, Sato M, Igarashi A, Kubota I; ''Azithromycin suppresses interleukin-12p40 expression in lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma stimulated macrophages.''; Int J Biol Sci, 2009 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia

History

View all...
CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
124640view12:48, 18 November 2022Jfigueirahasbunupdated viral protein labels, shapes and identifiers
124554view12:38, 8 November 2022EweitzReduce negative space at top and left of pathway graphic
124553view12:32, 8 November 2022EweitzUse name instead of ID as pathway label, fix typos, refine virus dimensions
124552view12:25, 8 November 2022EweitzModified title
124041view15:07, 14 September 2022DeSlUpdate ID for NSP4
124040view15:05, 14 September 2022DeSlChnaged MIM-conversion to Arrows
124039view15:04, 14 September 2022DeSlConverted SARS-COV2 drawing to graphical lines
123978view10:43, 9 September 2022EweitzModified title
123678view09:52, 9 August 2022EgonwNot a mim-conversion
123532view06:33, 2 August 2022EgonwMade a pathway clickable
123236view14:51, 5 July 2022LaureAlix
123235view14:48, 5 July 2022LaureAlix
123222view14:21, 5 July 2022LaureAlixModified description
123221view14:20, 5 July 2022LaureAlix
123220view14:10, 5 July 2022LaureAlix
123217view14:06, 5 July 2022LaureAlix
123215view14:03, 5 July 2022LaureAlixchanges
123209view13:39, 5 July 2022LaureAlix
123208view13:38, 5 July 2022LaureAlixNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

View all...
NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
ACE2GeneProductQ9BYF1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INF-I alpha/ betaProteinQ6046488 (Wikidata)
ORF3aProteinP0DTC3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) PDB structure for SARS-CoV strain: 6JYT
TLR2ProteinO60603 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TLR4ProteinO00206 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TLR6ProteinQ9Y2C9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TREML4 ProteinQ6UXN2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)

Annotated Interactions

No annotated interactions

Retrieved from "https://classic.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP5256"
Personal tools